@article{pmid27133873,

title = {Lower omental t-regulatory cell count is associated with higher fasting glucose and lower beta-cell function in adults with obesity},

author = {L E Gyllenhammer and J Lam and T L Alderete and H Allayee and O Akbari and N Katkhouda and M I Goran},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Obesity},

volume = {24},

number = {6},

pages = {1274--1282},

abstract = {T-lymphocytes are potential initiators and regulators of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, but there is limited human data on omental AT. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between T cells, particularly Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, in human subcutaneous (subQ) and omental AT and type 2 diabetes risk. SubQ and deep subQ (DsubQ) abdominal and omental AT biopsies were collected from 44 patients (body mass index, BMI ≥25) undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Flow cytometry was used to quantify CD4+ T cell (T effector and Treg) and macrophages (M1 and M2), and systemic inflammation was measured in fasting blood. Tregs were significantly lower in omental versus subQ and DsubQ AT, and M1 cell counts were significantly higher in the omental and DsubQ depot relative to the subQ. Only omental AT Tregs were negatively associated with fasting glucose and MCP-1 and positively associated with homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-β. M1 and M2 cell counts across multiple depots had significant relationships with HOMA-insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor-α, insulin, and HOMA-β. All relationships were consistent across ethnicities. Tregs were significantly lower in omental versus both subQ adipose depots. Fewer omental Tregs may have metabolic implications based on depot-specific relationships with higher fasting glucose and lower β-cell function.},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid26443340,

title = {Saturation of subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and accumulation of ectopic fat associated with metabolic dysfunction during late and post-pubertal growth},

author = {L E Gyllenhammer and T L Alderete and C M Toledo-Corral and M Weigensberg and M I Goran},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-00-01},

journal = {Int J Obes (Lond)},

volume = {40},

number = {4},

pages = {601--606},

abstract = {Puberty is a period defined by large changes in adipose tissue accumulation and distribution; however, longitudinal patterns of ectopic fat development have not been shown. We have previously shown significant declines in beta-cell function (BCF) across puberty and hypothesize that accumulation of ectopic fat deposition, particularly hepatic fat, will predict this fall. We conducted a longitudinal study and examined 2-year change in abdominal fat distribution and type 2 diabetes risk markers in 76 Hispanic children and young adults (16.1±0.5 years, 66% obese, 52% male, 51% post-pubertal). Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), hepatic fat fraction (HFF) and pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) were measured by 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging, and markers of type 2 diabetes risk were collected at fasting and during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Baseline pubertal status significantly moderated the 2-year change in ectopic fat deposition, such that VAT, HFF and PFF increased in individuals during late and post-pubertal growth, whereas children earlier in their pubertal development decreased ectopic accumulation and had less VAT accumulation (VAT: pTanner*time=0.044, 0.31±0.08 l vs 0.03±0.10 l; HFF: pTanner*time=0.007, 1.34±0.87% vs -2.61±1.11%; PFF: pTanner*time<0.001, 1.61±0.39% vs -0.96±0.50%). Independent of pubertal status, the 2-year increase in HFF and VAT significantly associated with a decline in BCF (ß=-1.04},

keywords = {diabetes risk, liver fat},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid25385555,

title = {Comparing glycemic indicators of prediabetes: a prospective study of obese Latino Youth},

author = {J Y Kim and M I Goran and C M Toledo-Corral and M J Weigensberg and G Q Shaibi},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-12-01},

journal = {Pediatr Diabetes},

volume = {16},

number = {8},

pages = {640--643},

abstract = {One hour (1-hr) glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is an emerging biomarker for type 2 diabetes. We compared the predictive power of 1-hr glucose to traditional glycemic markers for prospectively identifying prediabetes in youth. Obese normoglycemic Latino youth (N = 116) were assessed at baseline for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting, 1-hr, and 2-hr glucose during an OGTT and were followed for up to 8 yr for the development of prediabetes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used and a multivariable prediction model was developed. The area under the 1-hr glucose ROC curve was the most powerful predictor of prediabetes over time [0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64-0.83]. However, combining all indicators into a single model was superior to individual marker models (0.77, 95% CI = 0.690.86). These results further support the utility of 1-hr glucose during an OGTT as a prospective marker of diabetes risk in youth.},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid25644856,

title = {Salsalate treatment improves glycemia without altering adipose tissue in nondiabetic obese hispanics},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-03-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {23},

number = {3},

pages = {543--551},

abstract = {Salsalate treatment has well-known effects on improving glycemia, and the objective of this study was to examine whether the mechanism of this effect was related to changes in adipose tissue. A randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled trial in obese Hispanics (18-35 years) was conducted. The intervention consisted of 4 g day(-1) of salsalate (n = 11) versus placebo (n = 13) for 4 weeks. Outcome measures included glycemia, adiposity, ectopic fat, and adipose tissue gene expression and inflammation. In those receiving salsalate, plasma fasting glucose decreased by 3.4% (P < 0.01), free fatty acids decreased by 42.5% (P = 0.06), and adiponectin increased by 27.7% (P < 0.01). Salsalate increased insulin AUC by 38% (P = 0.01) and HOMA-B by 47.2% (P < 0.01) while estimates of insulin sensitivity/resistance were unaffected. These metabolic improvements occurred without changes in total, abdominal, visceral, or liver fat. Plasma markers of inflammation/immune activation were unchanged following salsalate. Salsalate had no effects on adipose tissue including adipocyte size, presence of crown-like structures, or gene expression of adipokines, immune cell markers, or cytokines downstream of NF-κB with the exception of downregulation of IL-1β (P < 0.01). Findings suggest that metabolic improvements in response to salsalate occurred without alterations in adiposity, ectopic fat, or adipose tissue gene expression and inflammation.},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24357646,

title = {Insulin sensitivity and brain reward activation in overweight Hispanic girls: a pilot study},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-02-01},

journal = {Pediatr Obes},

volume = {10},

number = {1},

pages = {30--36},

abstract = {Insulin resistance is a link between obesity and the associated disease risk. In addition to its role as an energy regulatory signal to the hypothalamus, insulin also modulates food reward. To examine the relationship of insulin sensitivity (SI) and fasting insulin with cerebral activation in response to food and non-food cues in children. Twelve overweight Hispanic girls (age: 8-11) participated in two study visits, a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and a functional neuroimaging session (GE HDxt 3.0Tesla) with visual stimulation tasks. Blocks of images (high calorie [HC], low calorie [LC] and non-food [NF]) were presented in randomized order. Comparing HC with NF, SI was inversely associated with activation in the anterior cingulate (r(2) = 0.65; P < 0.05), the insula (r(2) = 0.69; P < 0.05), the orbitofrontal cortex (r(2) = 0.74; P < 0.05), and the frontal and rolandic operculum (r(2) = 0.76; P < 0.001). Associations remained significant after adjustment for body mass index. Association of fasting insulin and cerebral activation disappeared after adjustment for waist circumference. In addition to weight loss, insulin sensitivity may pose an important target to regulate neural responses to food cues in the prevention of excessive weight gain.},

keywords = {brain, diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid26633899,

title = {The Association of Ħuman Apolipoprotein C-III Sialylation Proteoforms with Plasma Ŧriglycerides},

author = {H N Yassine and O Trenchevska and A Ramrakhiani and A Parekh and J Koska and R W Walker and D Billheimer and P D Reaven and F T Yen and R W Nelson and M I Goran and D Nedelkov},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {10},

number = {12},

pages = {e0144138},

abstract = {Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) regulates triglyceride (TG) metabolism. In plasma, apoC-III exists in non-sialylated (apoC-III0a without glycosylation and apoC-III0b with glycosylation), monosialylated (apoC-III1) or disialylated (apoC-III2) proteoforms. Our aim was to clarify the relationship between apoC-III sialylation proteoforms with fasting plasma TG concentrations. In 204 non-diabetic adolescent participants, the relative abundance of apoC-III plasma proteoforms was measured using mass spectrometric immunoassay. Compared with the healthy weight subgroup (n = 16), the ratios of apoC-III0a, apoC-III0b, and apoC-III1 to apoC-III2 were significantly greater in overweight (n = 33) and obese participants (n = 155). These ratios were positively correlated with BMI z-scores and negatively correlated with measures of insulin sensitivity (Si). The relationship of apoC-III1 / apoC-III2 with Si persisted after adjusting for BMI (p = 0.02). Fasting TG was correlated with the ratio of apoC-III0a / apoC-III2 (r = 0.47, p<0.001), apoC-III0b / apoC-III2 (r = 0.41, p<0.001), apoC-III1 / apoC-III2 (r = 0.43, p<0.001). By examining apoC-III concentrations, the association of apoC-III proteoforms with TG was driven by apoC-III0a (r = 0.57, p<0.001), apoC-III0b (r = 0.56. p<0.001) and apoC-III1 (r = 0.67, p<0.001), but not apoC-III2 (r = 0.006},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24840081,

title = {Increased eating frequency linked to decreased obesity and improved metabolic outcomes},

author = {B T House and G E Shearrer and S J Miller and K E Pasch and M I Goran and J N Davis},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Int J Obes (Lond)},

volume = {39},

number = {1},

pages = {136--141},

abstract = {We previously reported that more frequent eating in overweight minority youth was linked to lower visceral adiposity and circulating triglycerides. The aim of this study was to examine this issue in more detail by assessing the relationship between eating frequency and adiposity and metabolic disease risk in a cohort of exclusively overweight Hispanic youth. This analysis included 191 overweight (⩾ 85th percentile body mass index (BMI)) Hispanic youth (8-18 years) with the following cross-sectional measures: height, weight, BMI, dietary intake via multiple 24 h recalls, body composition via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, lipids and insulin action (insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response (AIR) and disposition index, a measure of β-cell function) via a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Each eating occasion (EO) was defined as ⩾ 50 calories and ⩾ 15 min from any prior EO. Infrequent eaters (IEs) were classified as any subject who ate <3 EOs on any dietary recall (n = 32), whereas frequent eaters (FEs) always consumed ⩾ 3 EOs (n = 159). Using analyses of covariance, FEs compared with IEs consumed 23% more calories per day (P ⩽ 0.01), ate 40% more often and consumed 19% less calories per EO (P ⩽ 0.01). FEs also exhibited 9% lower BMI Z-scores (P ⩽ 0.01), 9% lower waist circumferences (P ⩽ 0.01), 29% lower fasting insulin (P = 0.02), 31% lower HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment: Insulin Resistance) values (P = 0.02) and 19% lower triglycerides (P ⩽ 0.01), as well as an 11% higher AIR (P = 0.02) and 31% higher disposition index (P=0.01). The following a priori covariates were included: Tanner, sex, body fat and reported energy intake. These findings suggest that increased eating frequency is related to decreased obesity and metabolic disease risk in overweight Hispanic youth, despite increases in energy intake.},

keywords = {diabetes risk, diet},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid25109287,

title = {Fasting, post-OGŦŦ challenge, and nocturnal free fatty acids in prediabetic versus normal glucose tolerant overweight and obese Latino adolescents},

author = {C M Toledo-Corral and T L Alderete and J Richey and P Sequeira and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-00-01},

journal = {Acta Diabetol},

volume = {52},

number = {2},

pages = {277--284},

abstract = {Type 2 diabetes risk and its relationship to free fatty acid (FFA) exposure and visceral fat by prediabetes status in minority adolescents have yet to be explored. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the association of circulating FFA under varying conditions with prediabetes in Latino adolescents and to determine the relative relationships of FFA and visceral adiposity to insulin sensitivity, secretion, and β-cell function. Overweight or obese, but otherwise healthy Latino adolescent males and females (n = 164, 14.2 ± 2.5 years), were recruited for assessment of prediabetes, abdominal fat, and FFA levels taken at a fasting state (FFAF), during an OGTT (FFAOGTT), and overnight (FFANOCTURNAL). Prediabetic adolescents had a higher FFAF than those with normal glucose tolerance when controlling for age, sex, pubertal status, total percent body fat, and visceral fat. FFAOGTT and FFANOCTURNAL did not differ between participants with prediabetes and those with normal glucose tolerance after adjusting for covariates. Visceral fat was independently related to insulin sensitivity and secretion in pubertal adolescents; however, in post-pubertal adolescents, FFAF and visceral fat were both independent and negatively related to β-cell function. These results support a plausible progression of the lipotoxicity theory of diabetes development during the pubertal transition.},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24685236,

title = {Vegetable consumption is linked to decreased visceral and liver fat and improved insulin resistance in overweight Latino youth},

author = {L T Cook and G A O'Reilly and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg and D Spruijt-Metz and J N Davis},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-11-01},

journal = {J Acad Nutr Diet},

volume = {114},

number = {11},

pages = {1776--1783},

abstract = {There are limited data on the influence of vegetable consumption on adiposity and metabolic health, specifically nonstarchy vegetables and vegetables that are dark green and deep orange/yellow (also known as nutrient-rich vegetables). Our study examines the relationship between vegetable intake and adiposity, liver fat, and insulin dynamics in overweight Latino youth. This cross-sectional study of 175 overweight (body mass index ≥85th percentile) Latino youth (aged 8 to 18 years), with data collected during 2006-2011, included the following: dietary intake via multiple 24-hour recalls, total body fat via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, adipose tissue distribution and liver fat via magnetic resonance imaging, and insulin dynamics via frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Linear regression and analysis of covariance were used for analysis, with the following a priori covariates: age, sex, energy intake, and total body fat. Participants who consumed the most nonstarchy vegetables (mean intake=1.7±1.0 servings/day) compared with the least (mean intake=0.1±0.1 servings/day) had 44% less liver fat (10.0%±8.5% vs 5.6%±8.7%; P=0.01). Nutrient-rich vegetable intake was positively correlated with insulin sensitivity (r=0.19; P=0.03). Consumers of nutrient-rich vegetables (mean intake=0.3±0.4 servings/day [n=107]), compared with nonconsumers (n=68), had 31% increased insulin sensitivity (1.6±1.6 vs 2.1±1.3×10(⁻⁴)/min/μU/mL; P=0.03) and 17% less visceral adipose tissue (2.3±0.9 vs 1.9±0.7 L; P=0.01). Consumption of specific vegetable types by overweight Latino youth is associated with positive metabolic outcomes, including reduced visceral and liver fat and risk factors for type 2 diabetes, even when consumed in small quantities. These may be relevant targets for interventions.},

keywords = {diabetes risk, diet},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23613461,

title = {Meal skipping linked to increased visceral adipose tissue and triglycerides in overweight minority youth},

author = {B T House and L T Cook and L E Gyllenhammer and J M Schraw and M I Goran and D Spruijt-Metz and M J Weigensberg and J N Davis},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-05-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {22},

number = {5},

pages = {77--84},

abstract = {To investigate the impact of eating frequency on dietary intake, physical activity (PA), metabolic, and adiposity measures in minority youth. This analysis included 185 overweight (≥85th BMI percentile) Hispanic and African-American youth (8-18 years) with the following cross-sectional measures: height, weight, BMI, dietary intake, body composition, metabolic parameters, PA, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Each eating occasion (EO) was defined as ≥50 calories and ≥15 minutes from any previous EO. Participants were dichotomized based on EOs per 24-h into meal skippers <3 EO (MS; n = 27) or normal/frequent eaters ≥3 EO (NFE; n = 158). ANCOVAs were used to assess dietary intakes, metabolic outcomes, adiposity, and PA between eating frequency groups. MS compared to NFE consumed 24% fewer calories per 24-h (P ≤ 0.01), 21% more calories per EO (P ≤ 0.01), ate 40% less often (P ≤ 0.01), had 18% higher triglycerides (P = 0.03), and 26% more VAT (P = 0.03), with no differences in PA. Although meal skipping was associated with decreased energy intake, it was linked to increased calories per EO and higher triglycerides and VAT, which are strong indicators of deleterious metabolic profiles. These findings elucidate that meal skipping may be associated with increased VAT and related metabolic diseases in high-risk minority youth.},

keywords = {diabetes risk, diet},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24445905,

title = {Metabolic basis of ethnic differences in diabetes risk in overweight and obese youth},

author = {TL Alderete and CM Toledo-Corral and MI Goran},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-02-01},

journal = {Curr. Diab. Rep.},

volume = {14},

number = {2},

pages = {455},

abstract = {The global pandemic of childhood obesity has led to increased risk for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Studies have shown decreased insulin sensitivity and/or secretion with increasing adiposity and consistently observed greater risk for T2DM in obese, non-Caucasian youth. In the current review we describe recent advances in understanding how obesity and metabolic status in children and adolescents confers various risk profiles for T2DM among Latinos, African Americans, Caucasians, Asians, and Native Americans. These possible determinants include ectopic fat distribution, adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis, and elevated plasma levels of nonesterified free fatty acids. Future work should aim to elucidate the ethnic-specific pathophysiology of T2DM in order to develop and implement appropriate prevention and treatment strategies based on different ethnic profiles of diabetes risk.},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23836520,

title = {Adipose tissue 11βĦSĐ1 gene expression, βcell function and ectopic fat in obese African Americans versus Hispanics},

author = {L E Gyllenhammer and T L Alderete and S Mahurka and H Allayee and M I Goran},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {22},

number = {1},

pages = {14--18},

abstract = {This study examined the contribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) 11βHSD1 to obese African Americans' (AA) elevated metabolic risk, despite a protective obesity phenotype of reduced visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) relative to obese Hispanics with similar metabolic risk. Obese AA and Hispanic adults (N = 36(16AA); BMI 35.2 ± 0.6 kg/m(2) , 18-25y) participated, with VAT, SAT, and HFF measured by MRI, SAT gene expression measured by HT-12 microarray and insulin sensitivity (SI), disposition index (DI) by IVGTT. Multiple linear regression examined relationships/interactions of ethnicity and 11βHSD1 expression on outcomes (covariates: age, sex, total fat mass), with standardized β (stβ) reported. SAT 11βHSD1 expression significantly associated with insulin parameters and this varied by ethnicity (Pinteraction <0.1). In AA, 11βHSD1 negatively associated with SI (stβ = -0.58},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24433565,

title = {Imagine HEALTH: results from a randomized pilot lifestyle intervention for obese Latino adolescents using Interactive Guided ImagerySM},

author = {M J Weigensberg and C J Lane and Q Avila and K Konersman and E Ventura and T Adam and Z Shoar and M I Goran and D Spruijt-Metz},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {BMC Complement Altern Med},

volume = {14},

pages = {28},

abstract = {There is an urgent need for innovative and developmentally appropriate lifestyle interventions to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors and to prevent the early onset of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in obese Latino adolescents. Guided imagery offers promise to reduce stress and promote lifestyle behavior change to reduce disease risk in obese adolescents. Our objectives were: 1) To pilot test a new 12-wk lifestyle intervention using a randomized trial design in obese Latino adolescents, in order to determine the effects of the mind-body modality of Interactive Guided ImagerySM (IGI), over and above those of a didactic lifestyle education, on insulin resistance, eating and physical activity behaviors, stress and stress biomarkers; and 2) To explore the role of intervention-related changes in stress and stress biomarkers on changes in metabolic outcomes, particularly insulin resistance. Obese (BMI > 95th percentile), Latino adolescents (n = 35, age 14-17) were randomized to receive either 12 weekly sessions of a lifestyle education plus guided imagery program (GI), or lifestyle education plus a digital storytelling computer program (DS). Between-group differences in behavioral, biological, and psychological outcomes were assessed using unpaired T-tests and ANCOVA in the 29 subjects who completed the intervention. The GI group demonstrated significant reductions in leisure sedentary behavior (p < .05) and increases in moderate physical activity (p < .05) compared to DS group, and a trend toward reduced caloric intake in GI vs DS (p = .09). Salivary cortisol was acutely reduced by stress-reduction guided imagery (p < .01). There were no group differences in adiposity, insulin resistance, perceived stress, or stress biomarkers across the 12-week intervention, though decrease in serum cortisol over the course of the intervention was associated with improved insulin sensitivity (p = .03) independent of intervention group and other relevant co-variates. The improvements in physical activity and stress biomarkers following this pilot intervention support the role of guided imagery in promoting healthy lifestyle behavior change and reducing metabolic disease risk in obese Latino adolescent populations. Future investigations will be needed to determine the full effects of the Imagine HEALTH intervention on insulin resistance, stress, and stress biomarkers. Clinicaltrials.gov Registry #: NCT01895595.},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23818490,

title = {Compensatory responses to insulin resistance in obese African-American and Latina girls},

author = {R E Hasson and T C Adam and J N Davis and R M Watanabe and M I Goran},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-12-01},

journal = {Pediatr Obes},

volume = {8},

number = {6},

pages = {68--73},

abstract = {Insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose markedly differ by ethnicity. This study examined whether ethnic differences in pancreatic insulin secretion, hepatic insulin extraction and clearance explain these disparate findings in 35 obese African-American and 41 Latina girls (Tanner Stages: IV-V; ages: 14-18; body mass index percentile: 85.9-99.8%). Pancreatic insulin secretion, hepatic insulin extraction and clearance were estimated by C-peptide and insulin modeling during an oral glucose tolerance test. Insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG ) and disposition index were derived from a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Compared to Latinas, obese African-American adolescents had lower pancreatic insulin secretion (21.3%; P < 0.01), glucose incremental area under the curve (IAUC) (41.7%},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23433749,

title = {Blunted nocturnal cortisol rise is associated with higher carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMŦ) in overweight African American and Latino youth},

author = {C M Toledo-Corral and S J Myers and Y Li and H N Hodis and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-09-01},

journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology},

volume = {38},

number = {9},

pages = {1658--1667},

abstract = {Blunted diurnal cortisol variation has been associated with overt cardiovascular disease in adults. The relationship between the diurnal cortisol variation and subclinical atherosclerosis in youth has yet to be investigated. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the relationship between overnight cortisol measures and CIMT in overweight and obese, African-American and Latino children; (2) assess ethnic differences in these relationships; and (3) explore whether overnight cortisol and CIMT relationships were independent of inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-∝ (TNF-∝). One hundred fifty-six overweight and obese African-American and Latino children (ages 8-17, 86 M/70 F, 55 African-American/101 Latino) underwent measures of CIMT by B-mode ultrasound, nocturnal cortisol rise (NCR = salivary cortisol rise from 2200 h to awakening at 0530 h), cortisol awakening response (CAR = salivary cortisol from time of awakening to 30 min later), fasting serum cortisol and overnight urinary free cortisol. Using linear regression, salivary cortisol(0530 h) and NCR were negatively associated with CIMT (β(standardized) = -0.215 and -0.220, p < 0.01) independent of age, height, percent body fat, ethnicity and systolic blood pressure. Nocturnal salivary cortisol(2200 h), morning serum cortisol, and overnight urinary free cortisol were not associated with CIMT. Using ANCOVA, participants with LOW NCR (NCR < 0.44 μg/dL},

keywords = {diabetes risk, IMT},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23315601,

title = {One-hour glucose during an oral glucose challenge prospectively predicts β-cell deterioration and prediabetes in obese Hispanic youth},

author = {J Y Kim and M I Goran and C M Toledo-Corral and M J Weigensberg and M Choi and G Q Shaibi},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-06-01},

journal = {Diabetes Care},

volume = {36},

number = {6},

pages = {1681--1686},

abstract = {In adults, 1-h glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) predicts the development of type 2 diabetes independent of fasting and 2-h glucose concentrations. The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the utility of elevated 1-h glucose levels to prospectively predict deterioration in β-cell function and the development of prediabetes in high-risk youth. Obese Latino youth with a family history of type 2 diabetes (133 male and 100 female; age 11.1 ± 1.7 years) completed a baseline OGTT and were divided into two groups based upon a 1-h glucose threshold of 155 mg/dL (<155 mg/dL},

keywords = {diabetes risk, methods},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23762538,

title = {Sociocultural and socioeconomic influences on type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese African-American and Latino-American children and adolescents},

author = {R E Hasson and T C Adam and J Pearson and J N Davis and D Spruijt-Metz and M I Goran},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J Obes},

volume = {2013},

pages = {512914},

abstract = {It is unclear whether sociocultural and socioeconomic factors are directly linked to type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese ethnic minority children and adolescents. This study examines the relationships between sociocultural orientation, household social position, and type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese African-American (n = 43) and Latino-American (n = 113) children and adolescents. Sociocultural orientation was assessed using the Acculturation, Habits, and Interests Multicultural Scale for Adolescents (AHIMSA) questionnaire. Household social position was calculated using the Hollingshead Two-Factor Index of Social Position. Insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response (AIRG) and disposition index (DI) were derived from a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT). The relationships between AHIMSA subscales (i.e., integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization), household social position and FSIGT parameters were assessed using multiple linear regression. For African-Americans, integration (integrating their family's culture with those of mainstream white-American culture) was positively associated with AIRG (β = 0.27 ± 0.09},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23149173,

title = {Impact of gestational diabetes mellitus on pubertal changes in adiposity and metabolic profiles in Latino offspring},

author = {J N Davis and E P Gunderson and L E Gyllenhammer and M I Goran},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-00-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr.},

volume = {162},

number = {4},

pages = {741--745},

abstract = {To examine the impact of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) status on longitudinal changes in adiposity and metabolic variables in overweight Latino offspring (from age 8-20 years) across puberty. This longitudinal cohort of 210 overweight Latino children was measured annually for a period of 3 ± 1 years for Tanner stage through physical examination, adiposity by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging, lipids, and glucose and insulin action via the oral glucose tolerance test and frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Linear mixed-effects modeling estimated the impact of maternal GDM status on baseline and changes in adiposity and metabolic variables across puberty. In our cohort, 22% of offspring were from GDM pregnancies. At baseline, the GDM offspring were heavier at birth, more likely to have a family history of type 2 diabetes, and less likely to have been breastfed (for any duration). Compared with the non-GDM offspring, the GDM offspring had greater increases in total body fat (+6.5% vs +4.5%; P = .03) and steeper declines in acute insulin response (-39% vs -17%; P < .001) and disposition index (-57% vs -35%; P < .001) across Tanner stages, independent of ethnicity, sex, breastfeeding status, family history of diabetes, and baseline and changes in body composition. These findings confirm the elevated risk for excess adiposity and type 2 diabetes in GDM offspring, and further underscore the need for interventions targeting Latino GDM and their offspring.},

keywords = {diabetes risk, GDM},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23803890,

title = {Eating breakfast more frequently is cross-sectionally associated with greater physical activity and lower levels of adiposity in overweight Latina and African American girls},

author = {S M Schembre and C K Wen and J N Davis and E Shen and S T Nguyen-Rodriguez and B R Belcher and Y W Hsu and M J Weigensberg and M I Goran and D Spruijt-Metz},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-00-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {98},

number = {2},

pages = {275--281},

abstract = {Eating breakfast is believed to promote a healthy body weight. Yet, few studies have examined the contribution of energy balance-related behavioral factors to this relation in minority youth. We assessed the associations between breakfast consumption and dietary intake, physical activity (PA), and adiposity before and after accounting for energy intake and PA in minority girls. Cross-sectional data were obtained on body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat (measured by BodPod), dietary intake (measured with 3-d dietary records), and PA (measured with 7-d accelerometry) from 87 Latina and African American girls 8-17 y of age (75% Latina, 80% overweight). Dietary records were used to categorize girls as more frequent breakfast eaters (MF; 2 or 3 of 3 d; n = 57) or less frequent breakfast eaters (LF; 0 or 1 of 3 d; n = 30). Chi-square tests, ANCOVA, and multiple regression analyses were conducted. Mediation was assessed with a Sobel test. Compared with the MF group, the LF group spent 30% less time (12.6 min/d) in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA; P = 0.004) and had a higher percentage body fat (P = 0.029). MVPA accounted for 25% (95% CI: -8.8%, 58.1%; P = 0.139) of the relation between breakfast consumption and percentage body fat. We were unable to show that energy intake or MVPA was a significant mediator of the relation between breakfast consumption and adiposity in this sample. Evidence suggests that among predominantly overweight minority girls, MVPA, but not energy intake, was associated with both breakfast consumption and adiposity; however, a lack of power reduced our ability to detect a significant mediation effect. Other unobserved variables likely contribute to this relation.},

keywords = {diabetes risk, diet, pediatric obesity},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22217471,

title = {Health-related quality of life in adolescents with or at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus},

author = {E T Rhodes and M I Goran and T A Lieu and R H Lustig and L A Prosser and T J Songer and M J Weigensberg and R S Weinstock and T Gonzalez and K Rawluk and R M Zoghbi and D S Ludwig and L M Laffel},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-06-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr.},

volume = {160},

number = {6},

pages = {911--917},

abstract = {To evaluate how adolescents with or at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and their parent/guardians (parents) perceive adolescents' health-related quality of life. We interviewed overweight/obese, 12- to 18-year-old youth with T2DM, prediabetes, or insulin resistance and one parent from 5 US sites. Assessments included Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), Health Utilities Index, family conflict, and diabetes burden. In 108 adolescents, diagnoses included 40.7% with T2DM, 25.0% with prediabetes, and 34.3% with insulin resistance. PedsQL summary score (SS) was higher in adolescents than parents (P=.02). Parents rated physical functioning lower than adolescents (P<.0001), but there were no differences in psychosocial health. Adolescent PedsQL SS did not differ with diagnosis, but was inversely associated with adolescent body mass index z-score (P=.0004) and family conflict (P<.0001) and associated with race/ethnicity (P<.0001). Number of adolescent co-morbidities (P=.007) and burden of diabetes care (P<.05) were inversely associated with parent PedsQL SS. There were no differences in the Health Utilities Index-Mark 3 multi-attribute utility score. Parents perceive their adolescents' physical functioning as more impaired than adolescents themselves. Contextual factors including severity of obesity, race/ethnicity, family conflict, and burden of diabetes care influence health-related quality of life. Family-based approaches to treatment and prevention of T2DM may benefit from increased attention to the biopsychosocial context.},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22137671,

title = {Hemoglobin A1c above threshold level is associated with decreased β-cell function in overweight Latino youth},

author = {C M Toledo-Corral and L G Vargas and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-05-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr.},

volume = {160},

number = {5},

pages = {751--756},

abstract = {To examine whether a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)-identified prediabetic state (HbA1c ≥ 6.0%-6.4%) is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity (SI) and β-cell dysfunction, known factors in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, in an overweight pediatric population. A total of 206 healthy overweight Latino adolescents (124 males and 82 females; mean age, 13.1 ± 2.0 years) were divided into 2 groups: lower risk (n=179), with HbA1c <6.0%, and higher risk (n=27), with HbA1c 6.0%-6.4%. Measurements included HbA1c, oral glucose tolerance testing, fasting and 2-hour glucose and insulin, SI, acute insulin response, and disposition index (an index of β-cell function) by the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal modeling. Body fat was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Compared with the lower risk group, the higher risk group had 21% lower SI (1.21 ± 0.06 vs 1.54 ± 0.13; P<.05), 30% lower acute insulin response (928 ± 102 vs 1342 ± 56; P<.01), and a 31% lower disposition index (1390 ± 146 vs 2023 ± 83; P=.001) after adjusting for age and total percent body fat. These data provide clear evidence of greater impairment of β-cell function in overweight Latino children with HbA1c 6.0%-6.4%, and thereby support the adoption of the International Expert Committee's HbA1c-determined definition of high-risk state for overweight children at risk for type 2 diabetes.},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22434736,

title = {Effects of a randomized maintenance intervention on adiposity and metabolic risk factors in overweight minority adolescents},

author = {J N Davis and E E Ventura and A Tung and M A Munevar and R E Hasson and C Byrd-Williams and A K Vanni and D Spruijt-Metz and M Weigensberg and M I Goran},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-02-01},

journal = {Pediatr Obes},

volume = {7},

number = {1},

pages = {16--27},

abstract = {The objective of this study was to assess the effects of a maintenance programme (monthly newsletters vs. monthly group classes and telephone behavioural sessions) on obesity and metabolic disease risk at 1 year in overweight minority adolescents. After a 4-month nutrition and strength training intervention, 53 overweight Latino and African-American adolescents (15.4 ± 1.1 years) were randomized into one of two maintenance groups for 8 months: monthly newsletters (n = 23) or group classes (n = 30; monthly classes + individualized behavioural telephone sessions). The following outcomes were measured at months 4 (immediately following the intense intervention) and 12: height, weight, blood pressure, body composition via BodPodâ„¢ (Life Measurement Instruments, Concord, CA, USA), lipids and glucose/insulin indices via frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. There were no significant group by time interactions for any of the health outcomes. There were significant time effects in several outcomes for both groups from months 4 to 12: bench press and leg press decreased by 5% and 14%, respectively (P = 0.004 & P = 0.01), fasting insulin and acute insulin response decreased by 26% and 16%, respectively (P < 0.001 & P = 0.046); while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin sensitivity improved by 5% and 14% (P = 0.042 & P = 0.039). Newsletters as opposed to group classes may suffice as follow-up maintenance programmes to decrease type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk in overweight minority adolescents.},

keywords = {diabetes risk, trial},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21293446,

title = {Randomized controlled trial to improve adiposity, inflammation, and insulin resistance in obese African-American and Latino youth},

author = {R E Hasson and T C Adam and J N Davis and L A Kelly and E E Ventura and C E Byrd-Williams and C M Toledo-Corral and C K Roberts and C J Lane and S P Azen and C P Chou and D Spruijt-Metz and M J Weigensberg and K Berhane and M I Goran},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-00-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {20},

number = {4},

pages = {811--818},

abstract = {The purpose of this study was to examine ethnic differences in the metabolic responses to a 16-week intervention designed to improve insulin sensitivity (SI), adiposity, and inflammation in obese African-American and Latino adolescents. A total of 100 participants (African Americans: n = 48, Latino: n = 52; age: 15.4 ± 1.1 years, BMI percentile: 97.3 ± 3.3) were randomly assigned to interventions: control (C; n = 30), nutrition (N; n = 39, 1×/week focused on decreasing sugar and increasing fiber intake), or nutrition + strength training (N+ST; n = 31, 2×/week). The following were measured at pre- and postintervention: strength, dietary intake, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry/magnetic resonance imaging) and glucose/insulin indexes (oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)/intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT)) and inflammatory markers. Overall, N compared to C and N+ST reported significant improvements in SI (+16.5% vs. -32.3% vs. -6.9% respectively, P < 0.01) and disposition index (DI: +15.5% vs. -14.2% vs. -13.7% respectively, P < 0.01). N+ST compared to C and N reported significant reductions in hepatic fat fraction (HFF: -27.3% vs. -4.3% vs. 0% respectively, P < 0.01). Compared to N, N+ST reported reductions in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) (-38.3% vs. +1.0%, P < 0.01) and resistin (-18.7% vs. +11.3%},

keywords = {diabetes risk, trial},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21238987,

title = {Subclinical atherosclerosis in Latino youth: progression of carotid intima-media thickness and its relationship to cardiometabolic risk factors},

author = {C M Toledo-Corral and J N Davis and T L Alderete and M J Weigensberg and C T Ayala and Y Li and H N Hodis and M I Goran},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-06-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr.},

volume = {158},

number = {6},

pages = {935--940},

abstract = {To assess carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) change over 2 years in overweight Latino adolescents and examine its relationship to cardiometabolic risk. Seventy-two healthy overweight male and female Latino adolescents (mean age, 14.5 ± 1.7 years; mean body mass index, 31.5 ± 6.9 kg/m(2)) were evaluated at baseline and 2 years later for CIMT by high-resolution B-mode ultrasound, the metabolic syndrome and its features, body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging, glucose/insulin measures by fasting blood, and oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Baseline CIMT did not differ from 2-year follow-up; however, 38 participants increased CIMT (0.017 ± 0.003 mm; +2.8%) and 34 decreased or remained the same (-0.019 ± 0.002 mm; -3.1%). ANCOVA analyses showed that participants with CIMT progression had higher baseline low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and total cholesterol (91.3 ± 3.4 and 150.3 ± 3.9 mg/dL) compared with those with CIMT non-progression (78.1 ± 3.6 and 135.6 ± 4.2 mg/dL, P < .05), independent of sex, baseline CIMT, age, and height. In multivariate regression, LDL-cholesterol was the sole predictor of CIMT progression, but the effect was small (odds of CIMT progression increased by 3% for each 1 mg/dL higher baseline LDL-cholesterol; 95% CI, 1.004 to 1.006},

keywords = {diabetes risk, ectopic fat, IMT},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20888012,

title = {Pubertal changes of insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response, and β-cell function in overweight Latino youth},

author = {L A Kelly and C J Lane and M J Weigensberg and C M Toledo-Corral and M I Goran},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-03-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr.},

volume = {158},

number = {3},

pages = {442--446},

abstract = {To examine changes in insulin sensitivity (SI), compensatory acute insulin response (AIR), and β-cell function/disposition index (DI) across puberty in overweight Latino boys and girls. Latino children (n = 253) were followed annually for up to 5 years. Longitudinal modeling was used to examine changes in SI, AIR, DI, and fasting and 2-hour glucose and insulin across Tanner stage. In boys, SI decreased in early puberty with a recovery by late puberty. The compensatory increase in AIR was appropriate in early maturation, but after Tanner stage 3, AIR declined by more than that predicted from the recovery in SI. For girls, SI decreased in early puberty and across all stages of maturation. In early maturation, there was an appropriate compensatory increase in AIR, but after Tanner stage 3, AIR decreased. Thus, DI deteriorated across puberty in boys and girls. In overweight Hispanic youth, compensatory changes in insulin secretion fails after Tanner stage 3 in both sexes, indicating β-cell deterioration during this critical period of development, thus increasing risk for type 2 diabetes.},

keywords = {diabetes risk, puberty},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21270204,

title = {Ethnic differences in pancreatic fat accumulation and its relationship with other fat depots and inflammatory markers},

author = {K A Lê and E E Ventura and J Q Fisher and J N Davis and M J Weigensberg and M Punyanitya and H H Hu and K S Nayak and M I Goran},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-02-01},

journal = {Diabetes Care},

volume = {34},

number = {2},

pages = {485--490},

abstract = {Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and hepatic fat are associated with insulin resistance and vary by sex and ethnicity. Recently, pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) has also been linked with increasing obesity. Our aim was to assess ethnic and sex differences in PFF and its relationship to other fat depots, circulating free fatty acids (FFA), insulin secretion and sensitivity, and inflammation in obese adolescents and young adults. We examined 138 (40 males, 98 females) obese Hispanics and African Americans (13-25 years). Subcutaneous adipose tissue and VAT volumes, hepatic fat fraction (HFF), and PFF were determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were assessed during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Hispanics had higher PFF than African Americans (7.3 ± 3.8 vs. 6.2 ± 2.6%},

keywords = {diabetes risk, ectopic fat},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}