2018
Jones, R B; Alderete, T L; Martin, A A; Geary, B A; Hwang, D H; Palmer, S L; Goran, M I
Probiotic supplementation increases obesity with no detectable effects on liver fat or gut microbiota in obese Hispanic adolescents: a 16-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial Journal Article
In: Pediatr Obes, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 705–714, 2018.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: liver fat, microbiome
@article{pmid29493105,
title = {Probiotic supplementation increases obesity with no detectable effects on liver fat or gut microbiota in obese Hispanic adolescents: a 16-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial},
author = {R B Jones and T L Alderete and A A Martin and B A Geary and D H Hwang and S L Palmer and M I Goran},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {13},
number = {11},
pages = {705--714},
abstract = {Numerous studies have shown that there are links between obesity, liver fat and the gut microbiome. However, there are mixed results on whether probiotics could impact the gut microbiome and/or help to decrease liver fat and obesity outcomes. This study aimed to determine whether a probiotic supplement (VSL#3® ) intervention altered gut microbiota and/or gut hormones associated with appetite regulation. The secondary aim of this study was to determine whether VSL#3® altered body composition and liver fat and fibrosis. We conducted a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial in 19 obese Latino adolescents. The intervention consisted of three packets per day of VSL#3® or a matched placebo for 16 weeks. Pre-intervention and post-intervention measures included gut microbial abundance, gut appetite regulating hormones, anthropometrics, body composition, liver fat and liver fibrosis. We conducted linear models to determine whether there were any significant differences in the changes in these outcomes following VSL#3® intervention. Compared with placebo, adolescents that received VSL#3 had significant increases in total adiposity (%) (+1.7 ± 0.6 vs. -1.3 ± 0.5, p < 0.01) and trunk adiposity (%) (+3.3 ± 0.8 vs. -1.8 ± 0.8, p < 0.01) with no significant effects on liver fat/fibrosis, insulin/glucose, gut microbial abundances or gut hormones. VSL#3 supplementation may lead to increased adiposity in obese Latino adolescents with no significant detectable changes in gut microbiota, gut appetite-regulating hormones, liver fat and fibrosis and dietary intake. However, it is important to note that recruitment efforts were terminated early and the sample size fell short of what was planned for this trial.},
keywords = {liver fat, microbiome},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2016
Gyllenhammer, L E; Alderete, T L; Toledo-Corral, C M; Weigensberg, M; Goran, M I
Saturation of subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and accumulation of ectopic fat associated with metabolic dysfunction during late and post-pubertal growth Journal Article
In: Int J Obes (Lond), vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 601–606, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: diabetes risk, liver fat
@article{pmid26443340,
title = {Saturation of subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and accumulation of ectopic fat associated with metabolic dysfunction during late and post-pubertal growth},
author = {L E Gyllenhammer and T L Alderete and C M Toledo-Corral and M Weigensberg and M I Goran},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-00-01},
journal = {Int J Obes (Lond)},
volume = {40},
number = {4},
pages = {601--606},
abstract = {Puberty is a period defined by large changes in adipose tissue accumulation and distribution; however, longitudinal patterns of ectopic fat development have not been shown. We have previously shown significant declines in beta-cell function (BCF) across puberty and hypothesize that accumulation of ectopic fat deposition, particularly hepatic fat, will predict this fall. We conducted a longitudinal study and examined 2-year change in abdominal fat distribution and type 2 diabetes risk markers in 76 Hispanic children and young adults (16.1±0.5 years, 66% obese, 52% male, 51% post-pubertal). Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), hepatic fat fraction (HFF) and pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) were measured by 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging, and markers of type 2 diabetes risk were collected at fasting and during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Baseline pubertal status significantly moderated the 2-year change in ectopic fat deposition, such that VAT, HFF and PFF increased in individuals during late and post-pubertal growth, whereas children earlier in their pubertal development decreased ectopic accumulation and had less VAT accumulation (VAT: pTanner*time=0.044, 0.31±0.08 l vs 0.03±0.10 l; HFF: pTanner*time=0.007, 1.34±0.87% vs -2.61±1.11%; PFF: pTanner*time<0.001, 1.61±0.39% vs -0.96±0.50%). Independent of pubertal status, the 2-year increase in HFF and VAT significantly associated with a decline in BCF (ß=-1.04},
keywords = {diabetes risk, liver fat},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2013
Walker, R W; Sinatra, F; Hartiala, J; Weigensberg, M; Spruijt-Metz, D; Alderete, T L; Goran, M I; Allayee, H
Genetic and clinical markers of elevated liver fat content in overweight and obese Hispanic children Journal Article
In: Obesity (Silver Spring), vol. 21, no. 12, pp. E790–797, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: genetic, liver fat
@article{pmid23804528,
title = {Genetic and clinical markers of elevated liver fat content in overweight and obese Hispanic children},
author = {R W Walker and F Sinatra and J Hartiala and M Weigensberg and D Spruijt-Metz and T L Alderete and M I Goran and H Allayee},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-12-01},
journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},
volume = {21},
number = {12},
pages = {E790--797},
abstract = {Genetic variation in six genes has been associated with elevated liver fat and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults. The influence of these genes on liver fat and whether a genetic risk score (GRS) would improve upon the ability of common clinical risk factors to predict elevated liver fat content (ELF) in Hispanic children was determined. 223 obese Hispanic children were genotyped for six SNPs. MRI was used to measure liver fat. A GRS was tested for association with ELF using multivariate linear regression. Predictors were assessed via ROC curves and pair-wise analysis was used to determine significance alone and combined with clinical markers. Only variants in PNPLA3 and APOC3 genes were associated with liver fat (P < 0.001},
keywords = {genetic, liver fat},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Alderete, TL; Toledo-Corral, CM; Desai, P; Weigensberg, MJ; Goran, MI
Liver fat has a stronger association with risk factors for type 2 diabetes in African-American compared with Hispanic adolescents Journal Article
In: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., vol. 98, no. 9, pp. 3748–3754, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: latino, liver fat
@article{pmid23873990,
title = {Liver fat has a stronger association with risk factors for type 2 diabetes in African-American compared with Hispanic adolescents},
author = {TL Alderete and CM Toledo-Corral and P Desai and MJ Weigensberg and MI Goran
},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-09-01},
journal = {J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.},
volume = {98},
number = {9},
pages = {3748--3754},
abstract = {Although overweight and obese African-Americans (AAs) have less visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and liver fat (LF) than Hispanics, they have a similar risk for type 2 diabetes. We examined ethnic differences in the association between VAT and LF with risk factors for type 2 diabetes to help explain this paradox. We conducted a cross-sectional study in an academic pediatric care facility. Subjects were overweight and obese AA (n = 131; 15.5 ± 3.3 years old) and Hispanic adolescents (n = 227; 14.7 ± 3.0 years old). Outcome measures included insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response (AIR), and disposition index (DI) by frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test and minimal modeling. LF, not VAT, was inversely associated with SI, and the effect of high LF compared with low was more pronounced in AAs (P(interaction) < .05). In Hispanics, high LF was associated with a 24% lower SI (P < .01) and a 31% increase in AIR (P < .01) and was not associated with DI (P = .35). In AAs, high LF was associated with a 49% lower SI (P < .001), was not associated with an increase in AIR (P = .25), and was associated with a 42% lower DI (P < .01), indicating failure of compensatory insulin secretion/clearance in response to insulin resistance. Prediabetes changed the relationship between high/low LF and DI in Hispanics (P(interaction) = .002) but not AAs such that prediabetic Hispanics with high LF had a 43% lower DI (P = .03) with no difference in those without prediabetes (P = .06). LF has a stronger effect on SI compared with VAT. Our results suggest that the impact of high LF on poor β-cell compensation is more pronounced in AAs. In Hispanics, the combination of high LF and prediabetes contributes to poor β-cell compensation.},
keywords = {latino, liver fat},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2012
Walker, R W; Lê, K A; Davis, J; Alderete, T L; Cherry, R; Lebel, S; Goran, M I
High rates of fructose malabsorption are associated with reduced liver fat in obese African Americans Journal Article
In: J Am Coll Nutr, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 369–374, 2012.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: fructose, liver fat
@article{pmid23529994,
title = {High rates of fructose malabsorption are associated with reduced liver fat in obese African Americans},
author = {R W Walker and K A Lê and J Davis and T L Alderete and R Cherry and S Lebel and M I Goran},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {J Am Coll Nutr},
volume = {31},
number = {5},
pages = {369--374},
abstract = {African Americans commonly have lower liver fat accumulation than Hispanics, despite a similar propensity for obesity. Both ethnicities exhibit high consumption of fructose-containing beverages, which has been associated with high liver fat owing to the lipogenic properties of fructose. Therefore, differences in fructose absorption may be an important factor in regulating liver fat deposition. We hypothesized that fructose malabsorption in African Americans may reduce hepatic delivery of fructose, thus contributing to lower liver fat deposition compared to Hispanics. Thirty-seven obese young adults aged 21.4 ± 2.1 years (16 African American, 21 Hispanic) underwent a 3-hour hydrogen (H2) breath test to assess fructose malabsorption. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volume and liver fat. Fructose malabsorption was expressed as an area under the curve for H2 production (H2 AUC). Compared to Hispanics, African Americans had lower liver fat (5.4% ± 5.0% vs 8.9% ± 2.3%},
keywords = {fructose, liver fat},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kim, J S; Lê, K A; Mahurkar, S; Davis, J N; Goran, M I
Influence of elevated liver fat on circulating adipocytokines and insulin resistance in obese Hispanic adolescents Journal Article
In: Pediatr Obes, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 158–164, 2012.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: liver fat
@article{pmid22434756,
title = {Influence of elevated liver fat on circulating adipocytokines and insulin resistance in obese Hispanic adolescents},
author = {J S Kim and K A Lê and S Mahurkar and J N Davis and M I Goran},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-00-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {7},
number = {2},
pages = {158--164},
abstract = {We performed this study to examine the metabolic differences arising from higher liver fat accumulation in obese Hispanic adolescents, with a particular focus on circulating levels of adipocytokines and insulin resistance. Forty-one obese Hispanic adolescents (15.3 ± 1.0 years, body mass index percentile: 97.0 ± 3.9) were assessed for: visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) by magnetic resonance imaging; fasting measures of serum glucose, insulin and adipocytokines; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); and insulin sensitivity (SI) and the acute insulin response to glucose (AIR) by intravenous glucose tolerance test. Subjects with normal levels of HFF (below 5%; n = 25) were compared to those with HFF > 5% (n = 16). The two groups differing in HFF were similar for total body fat, VAT and SAT. The group with HFF > 5% had significantly (P < 0.05) higher interleukin-8 (IL-8) (6.1 ± 1.6 vs. 3.2 ± 0.4 pg mL(-1) ), NGF (30.2 ± 9.9 vs. 13.9 ± 1.6 pg mL(-1) ), HOMA-IR (8.8 ± 1.1 vs. 5.5 ± 0.5), AIR (1869 ± 206 vs. 1092 ± 165) and a tendency for lower SI (1.2 ± 0.4 vs. 2.1 ± 0.3; P = 0.06), with no significant differences in any of other factors measured. These data suggest that elevated liver fat is most closely associated with elevated serum IL-8 and NGF levels as well as increased AIR and HOMA-IR. These elevated factors may play significant roles in the metabolic abnormalities associated with elevated liver fat in obese Hispanics.},
keywords = {liver fat},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Increasing Physical Activity Đecreases Ħepatic Fat and Metabolic Risk Factors Journal Article
In: J Exerc Physiol Online, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 40–54, 2012.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: liver fat, physical activity
@article{pmid23814456,
title = {Increasing Physical Activity Đecreases Ħepatic Fat and Metabolic Risk Factors},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-00-01},
journal = {J Exerc Physiol Online},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {40--54},
abstract = {This study assessed the changes in time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on fat depots, insulin action, and inflammation. Longitudinal data were generated from 66 Hispanic adolescents (15.6±1.1 yr; BMI percentile 97.1±3.0) who participated in a 16-wk nutrition or nutrition+exercise intervention. There were no effects of the intervention on PA, but there were inter-individual changes in PA. For purposes of this analysis, all intervention groups were combined to assess how changes in PA during 16 wk affected changes in adiposity, insulin action, and markers of inflammation. MVPA was assessed by 7-day accelerometry, total body fat via DXA, liver fat by MRI, and insulin, glucose and HOMA-IR via a fasting blood draw. A repeated measures ANCOVA was used to assess the effect of MVPA on fat depots, insulin action, and inflammatory markers. Sixty-two percent of participants increased MVPA (mean increase, 19.7±16.5 min/day) and 38% decreased MVPA (mean decrease, 10.7±10.1 min/day). Those who increased MVPA by as little as 20 min per day over 16 wk, compared to those who decreased MVPA, had significant reductions in liver fat (-13% vs. +3%; P=0.01), leptin levels (-18% vs. +4%; P=0.02), and fasting insulin (-23% vs. +5%; P=0.05). These findings indicate that a modest increase in MVPA can improve metabolic health in sedentary overweight Hispanic adolescents.},
keywords = {liver fat, physical activity},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}