@article{pmid10393163,

title = {Relation between visceral fat and disease risk in children and adolescents},

author = {M I Goran and B A Gower},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {70},

number = {1},

pages = {149S-156S},

abstract = {This review examines whether the relations and metabolic parameters necessary for the development of syndrome X are present in children and whether the metabolic complications of obesity in children are explained by excess intraabdominal adipose tissue (IAAT), or visceral fat. Despite the limited use of imaging techniques in research studies, an increasing number of studies reported on IAAT and its relation to disease risk in children and adolescents. For this article we reviewed studies that documented the early accumulation of IAAT in children and adolescents and the factors that contribute to variation in the degree of IAAT accumulation. We also reviewed studies that showed the clinical relevance of IAAT in children and adolescents through significant relations with adverse health effects including dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance in obese and nonobese children and adolescents of different ethnic groups.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10547056,

title = {Sociocultural determinants of physical activity among children},

author = {C H Lindquist and K D Reynolds and M I Goran},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-00-01},

journal = {Prev Med},

volume = {29},

number = {4},

pages = {305--312},

abstract = {This study explores underresearched sociocultural predictors of children's physical activity and fitness, with particular attention paid to the influence of ethnicity independent from potential confounders such as social class. Utilizing a 1997/1998 cross-sectional sample of 107 children (ranging in age from 6.5 to 13 years},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10426367,

title = {Visceral fat, insulin sensitivity, and lipids in prepubertal children},

author = {B A Gower and T R Nagy and M I Goran},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-00-01},

journal = {Diabetes},

volume = {48},

number = {8},

pages = {1515--1521},

abstract = {In adults, visceral fat accumulation is associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. The cause-and-effect nature of these relationships is not clear. The objective of the present study was to determine if similar relationships exist in prepubertal children. Specifically, we determined whether visceral fat was associated with fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity (Si), serum triglyceride (TG) concentration, or serum HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration; whether visceral fat or Si was independently related to lipids; and whether ethnicity influenced the relationship between visceral fat and risk factors. Subjects were 61 prepubertal African-American and Caucasian children. Total body fat was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, visceral fat by computed tomography, and insulin sensitivity by the tolbutamide-modified, frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal modeling. In multiple linear regression analysis (adjusting for total fat, sex, and ethnicity), visceral fat was independently related to TG (P < 0.05) and fasting insulin (P < 0.001), but not Si (P = 0.425). Total body fat was independently related to Si (P < 0.001). Si was independently related to fasting insulin (P < 0.001) but not to TG or HDL-C (P = 0.941 and 0.201, respectively). Si in African-Americans was 42% lower than in Caucasians (0.50 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.86 +/- 0.11 x 10(-5) min(-1) x pmol(-1) x l, mean +/- SE after adjusting for total fat, P < 0.001). Nonetheless, ethnicity was not independently related to either TG or HDL-C (P = 0.075 and 0.619, respectively, after adjusting for total and visceral fat and sex). The slopes of the relationships of total and visceral fat with risk factors did not differ with ethnicity. In conclusion, visceral fat appears metabolically unique in children, being independently associated with elevated TG and insulin but not Si. Obese children and African-American children were more insulin resistant, independent of visceral fat accumulation. Lower Si was associated with higher, faster insulin, but not dyslipidemia. Thus, obesity, visceral fat accumulation, and ethnicity in children may confer negative, but independent, health risks.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10367999,

title = {Role of physical activity in the prevention of obesity in children},

author = {M I Goran and K D Reynolds and C H Lindquist},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-00-01},

journal = {Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.},

volume = {23 Suppl 3},

pages = {18--33},

abstract = {The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity and its concomitant health risks justify widespread efforts toward prevention. Although both diet and physical activity have been emphasized as appropriate interventions, the current paper focuses on the role of physical activity in obesity prevention. Children's levels of physical activity are highly variable, and may be influenced by a multitude of factors including physiological, psychological, sociocultural and environmental determinants. Although the relationship between physical activity and obesity is controversial and the protective mechanism unclear, physical activity is hypothesized to protect individuals from the development of obesity by increasing energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate (RMR) and leading to a favourable fuel utilization. The beneficial effect of physical activity in children is supported by controlled exercise intervention programs. Several broad-based public health interventions designed to increase children's levels of physical activity have been implemented in schools, families and communities, with results suggesting promising strategies for the prevention of childhood obesity. It is likely that successful prevention of childhood obesity through physical activity promotion will involve theory-based, culturally appropriate school, family and community interventions. Through policy changes, environmental planning and educational efforts in schools and communities, increased opportunities and encouragement for physical activity can be provided.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9861608,

title = {Effects of strength training on intra-abdominal adipose tissue in obese prepubertal girls},

author = {M S Treuth and G R Hunter and R Figueroa-Colon and M I Goran},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-12-01},

journal = {Med Sci Sports Exerc},

volume = {30},

number = {12},

pages = {1738--1743},

abstract = {The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of strength training on fat distribution and its relationship to glucose tolerance in obese prepubertal girls. A strength training intervention study was designed in which the children exercised three times per week for 5 months. Twelve healthy, obese prepubertal girls (ages 7-10 yr, > 95th percentile weight for height) were enrolled in the study. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography, and glucose tolerance was measured by a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test at baseline and after training. Significant increases in height, weight, fat-free mass, fat mass, and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue occurred after training (P < 0.05), whereas intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) remained stable (N = 11). Insulin area was highly correlated with IAAT before (r = 0.91) and after (r = 0.90) training (both P < 0.01},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9845229,

title = {Relationships between dietary fat, body fat, and serum lipid profile in prepubertal children},

author = {C Y Ku and B A Gower and T R Nagy and M I Goran},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-11-01},

journal = {Obes. Res.},

volume = {6},

number = {6},

pages = {400--407},

abstract = {The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that dietary fat components were associated with the serum lipid profile independent of ethnicity, body fat, and fat distribution in prepubertal children. Sixty-six children (45 African American and 21 Caucasian), aged from 4 to 10 years, were recruited into the study. Dietary total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat were estimated by averaging two 24-hour diet recalls. Fasting serum triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were analyzed, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated by the method of Friedewald. Body composition and fat distribution were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography. Children in both ethnic groups tended to overreport their dietary intake relative to total energy expenditure by 18%. African American children consumed more energy from total fat (35.3% vs. 31.5%, p<0.05), saturated fat (13.7% vs 12.2%, p<0.05), protein (16.4% vs. 13.2%},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9822941,

title = {Physical activity related energy expenditure in children by doubly labeled water as compared with the Caltrac accelerometer},

author = {R K Johnson and J Russ and M I Goran},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-11-01},

journal = {Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.},

volume = {22},

number = {11},

pages = {1046--1052},

abstract = {The objective of this study was to determine whether the Caltrac accelerometer was a meaningful predictor of physical activity related energy expenditure (AEE) in free-living, pre-adolescent children. The sample consisted of 31 children (14 girls, 17 boys; 22 Caucasian, 9 Mohawk) with a mean age of 8.3 (+/- 2.0) y. AEE was measured by subtracting postprandial resting metabolic rate (RMR), measured via indirect calorimetry, from total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), derived from the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. Average daily activity counts (AC) were measured using a Caltrac accelerometer, which was worn for three days, two weekdays and one weekend day, within the DLW dosing period. AEE was related to gender (r = 0.42},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9734747,

title = {Influence of sex, seasonality, ethnicity, and geographic location on the components of total energy expenditure in young children: implications for energy requirements},

author = {M I Goran and T R Nagy and B A Gower and M Mazariegos and N Solomons and V Hood and R Johnson},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-09-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {68},

number = {3},

pages = {675--682},

abstract = {There are limited data on the influence of body composition, sex, seasonality, ethnicity, and geographic location on the components of energy expenditure in children. The objective was to examine the determinants of total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE), and activity-related energy expenditure (AEE) in children. Cross-sectional data from 232 children (4-10 y of age) from 4 ethnic groups (white American, African American, Guatemalan Mestizo, and Native American Mohawk) were examined. In 104 white children studied in Vermont and Alabama, TEE was significantly higher in spring than in fall, higher in boys than in girls, and higher in children in Vermont (all effects: approximately 0.42 MJ/d, P < 0.05). The significant effect of sex was explained through REE; the influences of season and location were explained through AEE. In all children, there was no effect of sex but a significant effect of ethnicity (P < 0.01) on TEE: a significant effect of sex (P < 0.01) and no effect of ethnicity (P = 0.16) on REE; and no effect of sex and a significant effect of ethnicity on AEE. The significant effects of ethnicity were due to lower values in Guatemalan children. TEE correlated most strongly with weight (r = 0.81) and fat-free mass (r = 0.79-0.81); REE with weight (r = 0.85) and fat-free mass (r = 0.80-0.87); and AEE with maximal oxygen consumption (r = 0.54), fat-free mass (r = 0.50), and fat mass (r = 0.49). 1) Season and location influenced TEE in children through their effects on AEE, 2) a higher REE in boys was consistent across all groups examined, 3) Guatemalan children had lower TEE due to a lower AEE, 4) body weight may be the best predictor of TEE, and 5) maximal oxygen consumption was the strongest marker of AEE.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9705017,

title = {Fat distribution and plasma lipid-lipoprotein concentrations in pre- and postmenopausal wome},

author = {B A Gower and T R Nagy and M I Goran and M J Toth and E T Poehlman},

doi = {10.1038/sj.ijo.0800633},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-07-10},

journal = {Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.},

volume = {22},

number = {7},

pages = {605-11},

abstract = {Objective: In the postmenopausal years, women develop a central pattern of fat distribution and an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The possibility that these events are related has not been extensively investigated. The object of the present study was to test the hypotheses that, 1) menopause-related differences in lipids are associated with greater estimated intra-abdominal adiposity, and 2) the relationship between individual adipose depots and plasma lipids differs with menopausal status.



Design: Cross-sectional.



Subjects: 141 healthy pre- and postmenopausal women aged 35-65 y.



Measurements: Total body fat by hydrodensitometry was used as an index of whole-body adiposity, the sum of five central skinfold measurements as an index of subcutaneous upper-body adiposity, and estimated intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAF) as an index of visceral adiposity. Fasting plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (total-C), high- and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, LDL-C), and triglycerides were used as indices of CVD risk.



Results: Postmenopausal women had greater total body fat (P < 0.001), summed central skinfolds (P < 0.01), estimated IAF (P < 0.001), higher plasma concentrations of total-C (P < 0.001), LDL-C (P < 0.001) and triglycerides (P < 0.001), than premenopausal women. The relationship between central skinfolds and LDL-C differed with menopausal status, being significant in pre- but not postmenopausal women. Adjustment for estimated IAF with analysis of covariance decreased menopause-related differences in levels of total-C, LDL-C and triglycerides by approx 40-70%.



Conclusion: These observations suggest that, 1) menopause-related changes in IAF may adversely affect the plasma lipid profile, and 2) menopausal status affects the relationship between central subcutaneous fat and LDL-C. Studies with measured IAF are needed to confirm present results.},

keywords = {fat distribution},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9662684,

title = {Fitness and energy expenditure after strength training in obese prepubertal girl},

author = {M S Treuth and G R Hunter and C Pichon and R Figueroa-Colon and M I Goran},

doi = {10.1097/00005768-199807000-00017},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-07-10},

journal = {Med Sci Sports Exerc.},

volume = {30},

number = {7},

pages = {1130-6},

abstract = {Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a school-based, low-volume strength training program on energy expenditure, strength, and physical fitness in obese prepubertal girls.



Methods: A longitudinal, 5-month strength training exercise program was undertaken by healthy, obese (> 95th percentile weight-for-height, N = 11) girls age 7-10 yr. The following were measured: strength by the one-repetition maximum test; fitness (VO2peak) by a treadmill exercise test; resting metabolic rate (RMR), 24-h sedentary energy expenditure (SEE), and sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) by room respiration calorimetry; and total energy expenditure (TEE) by the doubly labeled water method. Physical activity energy expenditure (AEE) was calculated as TEE-(RMR + 0.1.TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) as TEE/RMR. An age-matched, nonoverweight control group was measured for (VO2peak) and RMR over the same time period.



Results: Strength increased by 19.6 and 20.0% in the upper and lower body (P < 0.01), respectively. (VO2peak) (mL.min-1) increased in both groups over time (P < 0.05), but not when covaried for fat-free mass (FFM) or weight. After adjusting for FFM or weight, RMR did not change, but SMR and 24-h SEE decreased significantly in the exercise group. There were no changes in nonprotein respiratory quotient or substrate oxidation. No changes in TEE, AEE, and PAL occurred, either unadjusted or adjusted for FFM or weight.



Conclusion: This long-term, school-based, low-volume strength training program favorably increases strength in obese prepubertal girls but does not increase their daily energy expenditure.},

keywords = {energy expenditure, fitness, girls},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9583837,

title = {Fat distribution and insulin response in prepubertal African American and white childre},

author = {B A Gower and T R Nagy and C A Trowbridge and C Dezenberg and M I Goran},

doi = {10.1093/ajcn/67.5.821},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-07-10},

journal = {Am J Clin Nutr.},

volume = {67},

number = {5},

pages = {821-7},

abstract = {Ethnic differences in obesity-related disease prevalence may relate to differences in fat distribution or metabolism. We conducted a study in 73 African American and white children to examine the relation between fat distribution and insulin and to determine whether ethnic differences in fat distribution or in adiposity-insulin relations contribute to differences in insulin concentrations. Fasting and postchallenge insulin concentrations were determined by oral-glucose-tolerance test, total body fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and subcutaneous abdominal (SAAT) and intraabdominal (IAAT) adipose tissue by computerized tomography. African Americans had greater fasting insulin (x +/- SD: 79 +/- 37 compared with 55 +/- 23 pmol/L, P < 0.01), incremental 30-min insulin (567 +/- 438 compared with 300 +/- 304 pmol/L, P < 0.001), and incremental area under the insulin curve (AUC; 262 +/- 209 compared with 164 +/- 156 pmol/L, P < 0.01). In multiple linear regression, fasting insulin was independently related to total fat within both ethnic groups (model R2 = 0.42 and 0.52 for African Americans and whites, respectively), incremental 30-min insulin to total fat and IAAT in whites only (model R2 = 0.71), and AUC to SAAT in African Americans only (model R2 = 0.49). Adjusting insulin indexes for adiposity did not eliminate the significant effect of ethnicity. In general, relations between adiposity and insulin were stronger in whites than in African Americans. African American children had higher insulin concentrations than white children after total body fat, IAAT, and SAAT were controlled for. However, strong relations between adiposity (total and abdominal) and insulin in both groups suggest that obesity may contribute to disease risk regardless of ethnicity.



},

keywords = {fat distribution},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9665676,

title = {Prediction of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue in healthy pre-pubertal children},

author = {M I Goran and B A Gower and M Treuth and T R Nagy},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-06-01},

journal = {Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.},

volume = {22},

number = {6},

pages = {549--558},

abstract = {To examine the relationship of intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) with body composition and anthropometry in children. Cross-sectional data analysis. 113 healty Caucasian and African-American, pre-pubertal children aged 4-10 y. IAAT and SAAT by single slice computed tomography at the level of the umbilicus; total fat and trunk fat by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA); anthropometric evaluation by skinfolds and circumferences. IAAT was most strongly correlated with abdominal skinfold (r = 0.88) and trunk fat by DEXA (r = 0.87), and SAAT with trunk fat by DEXA (r = 0.96), total fat by DEXA (r = 0.93) and waist circumference (r = 0.93). In stepwise regression, IAAT was best predicted by trunk fat from DEXA, total fat from DEXA, and abdominal skinfold (R2 = 0.85); SAAT was best predicted by trunk fat from DEXA, body weight, waist circumference and abdominal skinfold (R2 = 0.96). In the absence of DEXA data, IAAT was best predicted by abdominal skinfold, ethnicity and subscapular skinfold (R2 = 0.82) and SAAT was best predicted by waist circumference subscapular skinfold, height and abdominal skinfold (R2=0.92). The prediction equations with and without DEXA were successfully cross-validated in an independent sample of 12 additional measures of IAAT and SAAT. These data provide useful information that can help in the interpretation of anthropometric data with regard to body fat distribution. IAAT and SAAT can be accurately estimated in Caucasian and African-American prepubertal children from anthropometry with and without the availability of DEXA data.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9622341,

title = {Energy expenditure and physical fitness in overweight vs non-overweight prepubertal girls},

author = {M S Treuth and R Figueroa-Colon and G R Hunter and R L Weinsier and N F Butte and M I Goran},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-05-01},

journal = {Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.},

volume = {22},

number = {5},

pages = {440--447},

abstract = {To determine whether overweight children have lower physical activity energy expenditure (EE) and fitness levels than non-overweight children. Twenty-four healthy girls aged 7-10 y were divided into overweight (> 95th percentile weight-for-height) and non-overweight (10-90th percentile) groups. Basal metabolic rate (BMR), sleeping metabolic rate (SMR), 24 h sedentary EE (SEE) and total EE (TEE) were measured by room respiration calorimetry and doubly labelled water. Physical activity EE and physical activity level (PAL) were calculated. Fitness (VO2peak) was measured by a treadmill exercise test. The overweight group had significantly higher body weight, percent fat, fat mass and fat-free mass (FFM) (P < 0.001). The overweight girls had higher BMR, SMR, SEE and TEE (P < 0.001), but not after adjustment for FFM. Physical activity EE and PAL were not significantly different between groups. After adjusting for FFM or weight, submaximal and peak VO2 were not significantly different between groups. We conclude that these overweight girls do not have lower physical activity EE or fitness levels than the non-overweight prepubertal girls, however, the rather high body fat of the non-overweight group may have precluded us from finding any differences between groups.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9565420,

title = {Developmental changes in energy expenditure and physical activity in children: evidence for a decline in physical activity in girls before puberty},

author = {M I Goran and B A Gower and T R Nagy and R K Johnson},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-05-01},

journal = {Pediatrics},

volume = {101},

number = {5},

pages = {887--891},

abstract = {To examine individual changes in energy expenditure and physical activity during prepubertal growth in boys and girls. Total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure, physical activity-related energy expenditure, reported physical activity, and fat and fat-free mass were measured three times over 5 years in 11 boys (5.3 +/- 0.9 years at baseline) and 11 girls (5.5 +/- 0.9 years at baseline). Four-year increases in fat ( approximately 6 kg) and fat-free mass ( approximately 10 kg) and resting energy expenditure ( approximately 200 kcal/day) were similar in boys and girls. In boys, TEE increased at each measurement year, whereas in girls, there was an initial increase from age 5.5 (1365 +/- 330 kcal/day) to age 6.5 (1815 +/- 392 kcal/day); however, by age 9.5, TEE was reduced significantly (1608 +/- 284 kcal/day) with no change in energy intake. The gender difference in TEE changes over time was explained by a 50% reduction in physical activity (kcal/day and hours/week) in girls between the ages of 6.5 and 9.5. These data suggest a gender dimorphism in the developmental changes in energy expenditure before adolescence, with a conservation of energy use in girls achieved through a marked reduction in physical activity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid12224657,

title = {Measurement issues related to studies of childhood obesity: assessment of body composition, body fat distribution, physical activity, and food intake},

author = {M I Goran},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-03-01},

journal = {Pediatrics},

volume = {101},

number = {3 Pt 2},

pages = {505--518},

abstract = {This article reviews the current status of various methodologies used in obesity and nutrition research in children, with particular emphasis on identifying priorities for research needs. The focus of the article is 1) to review methodologic aspects involved with measurement of body composition, body-fat distribution, energy expenditure and substrate use, physical activity, and food intake in children; and 2) to present an inventory of research priorities.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9504321,

title = {Assessment of research-based body composition techniques in healthy elderly men and women using the 4-compartment model as a criterion method},

author = {M I Goran and M J Toth and E T Poehlman},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-02-01},

journal = {Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.},

volume = {22},

number = {2},

pages = {135--142},

abstract = {To examine the accuracy, precision and bias of body fat estimates using traditional research based techniques, relative to those derived from a 4-compartment model in healthy, older men and women. Cross-sectional comparison of various body composition techniques in 41 healthy women (68.2 +/- 6.6 y) and 41 healthy men (70.2 +/- 7.0 y) with an age range of 57-90 y. Fat mass (FM) by the 4-compartment (4C) model was compared to that derived by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), underwater weight (UWW) and total body water (TBW). On a group mean basis, FM by the 4C model (24.4 +/- 7.4 kg in women, 18.2 +/- 7.6 kg in men) was similar to other techniques. The regression between FM by 4C and DXA significantly deviated from the line of identity (FM by 4C = 0.76*FM by DXA + 5.9 kg for women; 0.81*FM by DXA + 3.4 kg for men). FM by UWW was similar to FM by 4C model in men but not women (FM by 4C = 0.87*FM by UWW + 4.3 kg). FM by TBW was similar to FM by 4C model in women, but not men (FM by 4C = 0.80*FM by TBW + 4.7 kg). For DXA, there was no significant bias in estimates of FM in men or women. For UWW, there was significant bias in men with an over-estimate of FM among leaner subjects and under-estimates in fatter subjects. For TBW data, there was a significant bias in men with an under-estimate of FM among leaner subjects and over-estimate in fatter subjects. Individual estimates of FM by DXA can be improved by correction factors that calibrate experimental data to standards such as the 4-C model. The assumptions of the Siri 2 compartment model are appropriate in healthy elderly men but not women, where a new equation is suggested. Inaccuracies in FM from TBW data are likely to be explained by age-related changes in the hydration of fat free mass (FFM).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9459380,

title = {Longitudinal changes in fatness in white children: no effect of childhood energy expenditure},

author = {M I Goran and R Shewchuk and B A Gower and T R Nagy and W H Carpenter and R K Johnson},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-02-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {67},

number = {2},

pages = {309--316},

abstract = {Reduced energy expenditure may predispose children to the development of obesity, but there are limited longitudinal studies to support this theory. We studied 75 white, preadolescent children over 4 y by taking annual measures of body composition and resting energy expenditure (by indirect calorimetry) and two annual measures of total energy expenditure and physical-activity-related energy expenditure (by doubly labeled water). Body composition of parents was assessed at the onset of the study with use of underwater weighing. The major outcome variable was the individual rate of change in fat mass (FM) adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM). The influence of sex, energy expenditure components, initial FM, and parental FM on the rate of change in FM was analyzed by hierarchical linear modeling and analysis of variance. The rate of change in absolute FM was 0.89 +/- 1.08 kg/y (range: -0.44 to 5.6 kg/y). The rate of change in FM adjusted for FFM was 0.08 +/- 0.64 kg/y (range: -1.45 to 2.22 kg/y) and was similar among children of two nonobese parents and children with one nonobese or one obese parent, but was significantly higher in children with two obese parents (0.61 +/- 0.87 kg/y). The major determinants of change in FM adjusted for FFM were sex (greater fat gain in girls), initial fatness, and parental fatness. None of the components of energy expenditure were inversely related to change in FM. The main predictors of change in FM relative to FFM during preadolescent growth are sex, initial fatness, and parental fatness, but not reduced energy expenditure.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9847979,

title = {Abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk in children},

author = {M I Goran and B A Gower},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Coron. Artery Dis.},

volume = {9},

number = {8},

pages = {483--487},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9486152,

title = {Total, resting, and activity-related energy expenditures are similar in Caucasian and African-American children},

author = {M Sun and B A Gower and T R Nagy and C A Trowbridge and C Dezenberg and M I Goran},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Am J Physiol.},

volume = {274},

number = {2},

pages = {E232--237},

abstract = {There is some evidence to suggest that ethnic differences in energy expenditure in adults may modulate different propensities for obesity. However, there is lack of data for the components of energy expenditure in young children of different ethnic backgrounds. In this study, we examined total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE), and physical activity-related energy expenditure (AEE) in healthy prepubertal Caucasian (18 girls, 21 boys) and African-American (29 girls, 30 boys) children. TEE was measured over 14 days under free-living conditions with the doubly labeled water technique, REE was from indirect calorimetry after an overnight fast, and AEE was estimated from the difference between TEE and REE after reducing TEE by 10% to account for the thermic effect of feeding. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no significant effects of ethnicity or gender on TEE after adjustment for FFM or for both FFM and FM. For REE, there was no effect of ethnicity, but a significant effect of gender, with a higher REE in boys after adjustment for FFM and FM (P < 0.001). For AEE, there were no significant effects of ethnicity or gender after adjustment for FFM or for FFM and FM. In conclusion, ethnicity was not a significant determinant for any of the components of energy expenditure. TEE, REE, and AEE were similar in Caucasian and African-American prepubertal children after adjustment for FFM or for FFM and FM.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9806318,

title = {Variability of abdominal adipose tissue measurements using computed tomography in prepubertal girls},

author = {R Figueroa-Colon and M S Mayo and M S Treuth and R A Aldridge and G R Hunter and L Berland and M I Goran and R L Weinsier},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-00-01},

journal = {Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.},

volume = {22},

number = {10},

pages = {1019--1023},

abstract = {To determine the variability of measuring regional adipose tissue area using abdominal computed tomography (CT) in normal-weight, prepubertal girls. Measurements of abdominal CT were performed twice, 6 weeks apart. Sixty-one normal-weight, prepubertal girls (age: 4.8-10.3 y, mean (s.d.) BMI: 16.7 +/- 1.5 kg/m2). Abdominal adipose tissue by CT at baseline and 6 weeks later. There were no significant differences between visits 1 and 2 with regard to the children's average abdominal CT derived intraabdominal adipose tissue (21.64 cm2 vs 23.74 cm2) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (62.49 cm2 vs 65.28 cm2). The Pearson coefficient of correlation (r), P-value, total coefficient of variation (CV) and standard error of the difference (SEdelta) for intra-individual measurements between visits 1 and 2 by abdominal CT were: total abdominal adipose tissue},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9771877,

title = {Total energy expenditure and physical activity in prepubertal children: recent advances based on the application of the doubly labeled water method},

author = {M I Goran and M Sun},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-00-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {68},

number = {4},

pages = {944S-949S},

abstract = {The prevalence of obesity in children has continued to increase despite a general increased awareness of health and fitness. Epidemiologic data show that the prevalence of obesity in children is approximately 25%, with a higher prevalence in some subgroups of the population. In addition, the incidence of obesity-related diseases is dramatically increasing in children. For example, the incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents has increased 10-fold over the past decade, and this increase is more pronounced in obese persons. The etiology of the development of childhood obesity and subsequent disease is poorly understood, but is likely to be explained by alterations in the regulation of energy balance between energy expenditure and energy intake. It is not known whether obesity is caused by an increase in energy intake relative to energy needs, a decrease in energy expenditure relative to energy needs, or the effect of both. This review will focus on recent studies that have attempted to elucidate the etiology of childhood obesity and have increased our understanding of the regulation of energy balance in prepubertal children by using the doubly labeled water method for estimating total energy expenditure and physical activity-related energy expenditure. This review serves as a brief summary and general update of recent reviews of this topic.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9727822,

title = {The etiology of obesity: relative contribution of metabolic factors, diet, and physical activity},

author = {R L Weinsier and G R Hunter and A F Heini and M I Goran and S M Sell},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-00-01},

journal = {Am J Med.},

volume = {105},

number = {2},

pages = {145--150},

abstract = {Three major factors modulate body weight: metabolic factors, diet, and physical activity, each influenced by genetic traits. Despite recent advances in these areas, the prevalence of obesity in Westernized societies has increased. In contrast to monogenic animal models and rare human genetic syndromes, predisposition to common forms of obesity is probably influenced by numerous susceptibility genes, accounting for variations in energy requirements, fuel utilization, muscle metabolic characteristics, and taste preferences. Although recent increases in obesity prevalence cannot be explained by changes in the gene pool, previously "silent" genetic variants may now play important permissive roles in modern societies. Available data suggest that variations in resting energy expenditure, thermic effect of food, and fuel utilization exist but, by themselves, are unlikely to explain the onset of obesity. Regarding diet, the best available trend survey data indicate that fat and energy intake have fallen, in this and other Westernized countries. Diverging trends of decreasing energy intake and increasing body weight suggest that reduced physical activity may be the most important current factor explaining the rising prevalence of obesity. Subsistence in modern societies requires extreme adaptations in previously useful energy-conserving diet and exercise behaviors. Recognizing the difficulties in sustaining energy-restricted diets in the presence of fast foods and social feasts, the current trend toward increasing body weight is not likely to be reversed solely through recommendations for further reductions in energy intake. In all likelihood, activity levels will have to increase in response to an environment engineered to be more physically demanding.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9690525,

title = {Possible mechanisms mediating an association between physical activity and breast cancer},

author = {L Hoffman-Goetz and D Apter and W Demark-Wahnefried and M I Goran and A McTiernan and M E Reichman},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-00-01},

journal = {Cancer},

volume = {83},

number = {3 Suppl},

pages = {621--628},

abstract = {The epidemiologic, methodologic, and biologic evidence that physical activity may be related inversely to breast cancer risk was the focus of a recent workshop. This article presents the workshop summary on biologic mechanisms that may mediate this association between physical activity and breast cancer. There is some evidence that physical activity may reduce breast cancer risk, although the exact biologic pathways have not been determined. Among the potential mechanisms discussed at the workshop were reductions in endogenous steroid exposure, alterations in menstrual cycle patterns, delay of age at menarche, increased energy expenditure and reduction in body weight, changes in insulin-like and other growth factors, and enhancement of natural immune mechanisms. Although physical activity may prove to be a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer, further mechanistically oriented research is necessary to both verify whether this is the case and to clarify the details of this association so that public health recommendations can be developed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9398730,

title = {Serum leptin and energy expenditure in children},

author = {T R Nagy and B A Gower and R M Shewchuk and M I Goran},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-12-01},

journal = {J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.},

volume = {82},

number = {12},

pages = {4149--4153},

abstract = {Leptin has been hypothesized to play an important role in energy balance by affecting both energy intake and energy expenditure. The purpose of our study was to determine the relationship between fasting serum leptin concentrations and measures of energy expenditure in prepubertal children. We measured total energy expenditure (TEE; by the doubly labeled water technique), resting energy expenditure (REE; after an overnight fast), activity energy expenditure (AEE; TEE-REE), body composition (by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), and fasting serum leptin concentration (by RIA) in 76 children. Simple correlations showed that all measures of energy expenditure (TEE, REE, and AEE) were positively related to the serum leptin concentration (r = 0.50, P < 0.001; r = 0.45, P < 0.001; and r = 0.30, P < 0.01, respectively). However, after adjusting for body composition (fat-free mass and fat mass), gender, and ethnicity, serum leptin concentrations were not related to any measure of energy expenditure (TEE},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9394697,

title = {Body composition in adults with cerebral palsy by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and skinfold anthropometry compared with the 18O isotope-dilution technique},

author = {H G Hildreth and R K Johnson and M I Goran and S H Contompasis},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-12-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {66},

number = {6},

pages = {1436--1442},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine in adults with cerebral palsy the accuracy and practicality of standard methods used to estimate body composition. The sample consisted of 20 adults (13 men and 7 women) aged 20-55 y with various degrees of cerebral palsy. Percentage body fat was estimated from skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and compared with the reference measure of percentage body fat from total body water by 18O dilution. Values derived from use of BIA and skinfold thickness, estimated by using the Jackson-Pollock equation, were significantly different from those derived with use of 18O dilution (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference between percentage body fat measured with DXA and that measured with 18O. There was favorable agreement between DXA and 18O (mean difference: 0.06 +/- 9.6%), but not between skinfold thickness (mean difference: 6.33 +/- 12.3%) or BIA (mean difference: -6.55 +/- 13.6%) and 18O. Although DXA was the best measure for predicting percentage body fat in the sample, its high cost prohibits its use as a practical method. The best-fitting regression equation specific for this sample by using anthropometric measures to predict percentage body fat was as follows: 8.76 - (7.34 x sex) + (0.32 x weight) + (0.38 x biceps skinfold) (R2 = 0.84, P < 0.001},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9351764,

title = {Maternal insulin sensitivity and cord blood peptides: relationships to neonatal size at birth},

author = {I M Bernstein and M I Goran and K C Copeland},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-11-01},

journal = {Obstet Gynecol.},

volume = {90},

number = {5},

pages = {780--783},

abstract = {To examine the relationship of multiple maternal and cord blood correlates of newborn size to determine the relative strength of the insulin-like growth factor-I association. Thirty-seven venous cord blood specimens were obtained at the time of delivery. Ponderal index and birth weight percentile were calculated at birth. Neonatal length estimates were performed with a measuring board. All mothers were nonsmokers and had normal glucose tolerance. There was a wide range of maternal prepregnancy body mass indexes (BMI) (19.6-43.4). Neonates had a wide range of ponderal indexes (2.12-2.75) and birth weight percentiles (7-99th percentile). Univariate correlation coefficients were calculated to determine simple relationships. Stepwise linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relative contribution of potential explanatory variables to both ponderal index and birth weight percentile. Potentially explanatory independent variables included maternal prepregnancy BMI, weight gain in pregnancy, and maternal insulin sensitivity at 32 weeks' gestation. Maternal insulin sensitivity was estimated using the minimal model technique. Neonatal variables included sex, cord blood albumin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3. Significant positive univariate correlations were identified between cord blood insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 with neonatal ponderal index and birth weight percentile. Maternal insulin sensitivity demonstrated a negative correlation with birth weight percentile (r = -.35, P < .05). Cord blood insulin correlated positively with birth weight percentile (r = .32, P < .05). There were no significant associations of cord blood insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 or albumin with either index of newborn size. Stepwise logistic regression analysis demonstrated an independent association of insulin-like growth factor-I with ponderal index (r2 = .41, P < .001). Both insulin-like growth factor-I and male sex were associated independently with birth weight percentile (r2 = .38, P < .001). No additional independent variables contributed to the prediction of ponderal index or birth weight percentile. These data support a unique relationship between cord blood insulin-like growth factor-I and newborn size under normal growth conditions. This is manifest by the strength and independence of the association between insulin-like growth factor-I and neonatal birth weight percentile ponderal index.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9284872,

title = {Total energy expenditure in adults with cerebral palsy as assessed by doubly labeled water},

author = {R K Johnson and H G Hildreth and S H Contompasis and M I Goran},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-09-01},

journal = {J Am Diet Assoc},

volume = {97},

number = {9},

pages = {966--970},

abstract = {To characterize total energy expenditure (TEE) in free-living adults with cerebral palsy (CP) using the doubly labeled water technique, and to determine those physiologic variables and characteristics of CP that were markers of TEE in adults with CP. TEE was measured using the doubly labeled water technique in 30 free-living adults with CP (12 women, 18 men). To determine the best markers of TEE, the following factors were examined: CP status, resting metabolic rate (RMR), anthropometric characteristics and body composition by means of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and skinfold thickness measurements, energy cost of leisure-time activities, and oral-motor impairment. Means +/- standard deviations, t tests, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, Spearman rank correlation coefficients, chi 2, stepwise multiple-correlation regression analysis, and analysis of covariance were used to examine the relationships among variables of interest. TEE was highly variable in the sample (mean = 2,455 +/- 622 kcal/day for men and 1,986 +/- 363 kcal/day for women). Stepwise regression analysis showed that TEE was best predicted in the sample by RMR, percentage body fat determined by DXA, ambulation status, and sex (multiple R = .68},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9519564,

title = {Genetic influences on human energy expenditure and substrate utilization},

author = {M I Goran},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-07-01},

journal = {Behav. Genet.},

volume = {27},

number = {4},

pages = {389--399},

abstract = {Understanding the genetic factors of obesity requires consideration of the genetic basis of the underlying etiological factors including energy expenditure and substrate utilization. Genetic susceptibility studies suggest that altered energy expenditure and/or preferential substrate utilization are likely to be involved in the etiology of obesity. Twin and family studies suggest that there is a strongly heritable component to resting energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and the thermic response to feeding. Physical activity energy expenditure has been less well studied; new data are presented in young sib pairs that suggest moderate heritability of nonresting energy expenditure. Only a few candidate gene studies have been performed to examine the role of basic proteins involved in energy expenditure (the sodium-potassium ATPase and the uncoupling protein) or substrate utilization (fatty acid binding protein). The lack of information in this area warrants further investigation into genetic aspects of energy and substrate metabolism.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9215335,

title = {Cross-validation of anthropometric and bioelectrical resistance prediction equations for body composition in older people using the 4-compartment model as a criterion method},

author = {M I Goran and M J Toth and E T Poehlman},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-07-01},

journal = {J Am Geriatr Soc},

volume = {45},

number = {7},

pages = {837--843},

abstract = {To cross-validate existing equations in the literature for their accuracy and precision for estimating body fat in older people from anthropometric measures and height2/resistance, using the 4-compartment model as a criteria method, and to propose new practical equations with improved accuracy and precision. Measurement of body composition in a cross-sectional cohort of healthy men and women and comparison by cross-validation techniques against existing prediction equations. The study was performed on subjects admitted to a General Clinical Research Center. The subjects were 41 healthy women (68.2 +/- 6.6 years; 64.1 +/- 10.2 kg) and 41 healthy men (70.2 +/- 7.0 years; 74.9 +/- 11.0 kg). The criteria method for total body composition was the 4-compartment model based on measurement of total body density by underwater weight, total body water by isotope dilution, and total bone mineral from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The other techniques examined for accuracy and validity were body fat estimates derived by skinfolds using the Durnin and Womersley Equations; waist circumference and age using the Lean Equations; and bio-electrical resistance using five published equations, including two derived in the older population. When compared with data derived from the 4-compartment model, the skinfold equation of Durnin and Womersley was cross-validated successfully in women but not in men. The Baumgartner equation was the only bioelectrical resistance equation that met the criteria for successful cross-validation in men and women, although in women the intercept (4.0 +/- 2.1 kg) was close to significantly different from zero (P = .06). Error in the estimates of body fat using the Durnin and Womersley and the Baumgartner equations was significantly and inversely related to fat mass (r = -.39 to r = -.56). In our data, the significant predictors of fat mass were hip circumference, calf skinfold, gender, body weight, height2/resistance, and biceps skinfold, explaining 84% of the variance. The Durnin and Womersley equation is accurate for women and the Baumgartner equation is accurate for both men and women if a correction of +4 kg is made in women; however, for both equations the error in the estimate is inversely related to fat mass. We suggest new anthropometric equations for estimating body fat in older people, which may improve accuracy and precision. The new equations will need to be tested in independent cross-validation studies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9215286,

title = {Effects of gender, ethnicity, body composition, and fat distribution on serum leptin concentrations in children},

author = {T R Nagy and B A Gower and C A Trowbridge and C Dezenberg and R M Shewchuk and M I Goran},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-07-01},

journal = {J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.},

volume = {82},

number = {7},

pages = {2148--2152},

abstract = {The Ob protein leptin has been shown to be closely correlated with measures of body fat in humans and animals. Studies have suggested that there are both gender and ethnic differences in serum leptin concentrations, even after controlling for total and relative body fat and body mass index. We hypothesized that gender and ethnic differences in serum leptin concentrations are due to differences in both body composition and body fat distribution. We measured fasting serum leptin concentration, body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), and body fat distribution (intraabdominal and sc abdominal adipose tissue by computed tomography) in 74 prepubertal boys and girls (43 African-Americans and 31 Caucasians). Our results showed that gender differences in serum leptin concentrations could not be fully explained by differences in body mass index, total fat mass, or relative body composition. However, when serum leptin concentrations were adjusted for differences in relative body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) and body fat distribution (sc and intraabdominal adipose tissue), gender no longer had an independent effect on the serum leptin concentration. Serum leptin concentrations were not influenced by ethnicity. Thus, when comparing group differences in serum leptin concentrations, it is necessary to adequately control for group differences in body composition and fat distribution.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9174463,

title = {Visceral fat in white and African American prepubertal children},

author = {M I Goran and T R Nagy and M S Treuth and C Trowbridge and C Dezenberg and A McGloin and B A Gower},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-06-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {65},

number = {6},

pages = {1703--1708},

abstract = {The objectives of this study were 1) to examine interrelations among intraabdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) and other adiposity indexes, 2) to identify a visceral obesity index that is independent of total adiposity, and 3) to examine sex and ethnic (white compared with African American) differences in IAAT. We measured IAAT and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) using computed tomography, and total fat mass (FM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a heterogenous sample of 101 children aged 7.7 +/- 1.6 y weighing 33.2 +/- 12.6 kg. IAAT was highly variable (mean +/- SE; 31 +/- 22 cm2; range: 7-107 cm2) and related to SAAT (r = 0.87) and FM (r = 0.81). The regression slope between IAAT and SAAT was significantly lower in African Americans (0.17 +/- 0.02 cm2 IATT/cm2 SAAT) than in whites (0.23 +/- 0.02 cm2 IAAT/cm2 SAAT). Within each ethnic group there was no effect of sex on IAAT adjusted for SAAT (mean +/- SE: 40.2 +/- 3.1 and 43.2 +/- 2.7 cm2 in white boys and girls, respectively; 26.4 +/- 1.9 and 25.1 +/- 1.6 cm2 in African American boys and girls, respectively). We conclude that in children 1) there is wide variation in visceral fatness; 2) IAAT relative to SAAT is an index of visceral fat, independent of FM, allowing examination of the unique effects of IAAT; and 3) the relative distribution of adipose tissue in the intraabdominal compared with the subcutaneous abdominal region is significantly lower in African Americans than in whites.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9168532,

title = {Energy expenditure, body composition, and disease risk in children and adolescents},

author = {M I Goran},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-03-01},

journal = {Proc Nutr Soc},

volume = {56},

number = {1B},

pages = {195--209},

abstract = {Recent methodological advances have led to a tremendous improvement in our ability to measure energy expenditure, body composition and fat distribution in children. The availability of new and improved measurement techniques has greatly enhanced the scope of research studies in children. The key findings from the present review are as follows: total energy expenditure in young children is approximately 25% lower than current recommendations for energy intake and revised recommendations are necessary; reduced energy expenditure, however, does not necessarily explain the greater prevalence of obesity in the population as a whole or in sub-groups at greater risk of obesity; qualitative aspects of physical activity (e.g. time, intensity) may be more important than the energy expenditure of physical activity in the regulation of body composition; for body composition assessment, DXA is emerging as a technique which can substantially improve the accuracy and standardization in children; body fat begins to accumulate in the obese; waist:hip ratio or waist circumference are inadequate markers of intra-abdominal adipose tissue in children and adolescents; finally, the early accumulation of fat in the intra-abdominal region is significantly related to the development of adverse health effects, including dyslipidaemia and glucose intolerance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9124554,

title = {Daily energy expenditure in free-living heart failure patients},

author = {M J Toth and S S Gottlieb and M I Goran and M L Fisher and E T Poehlman},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-03-01},

journal = {Am. J. Physiol.},

volume = {272},

number = {3 Pt 1},

pages = {E469--475},

abstract = {We examined the hypothesis that weight loss in heart failure patients is associated with elevated daily energy expenditure. Twelve cachectic patients [age = 73 +/- 6 yr; weight loss = 15 +/- 6 kg; body mass index (BMI) = 21 +/- 5 kg/m2], 13 noncachectic patients (age = 67 +/- 5 yr; BMI = 27 +/- 5 kg/m2), and 50 healthy elderly controls (age = 69 +/- 6 yr; BMI = 26 +/- 4 kg/m2) were studied. Daily energy expenditure and it components were measured using doubly labeled water and indirect calorimetry and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fat mass and fat-free mass were lower (P < 0.05) in cachectic patients compared with noncachectic patients and healthy controls. Daily energy expenditure was lower (P < 0.05) in cachectic patients (1,870 +/- 347 kcal/day) compared with noncachectic patients (2,349 +/- 545 kcal/day) and healthy controls (2,543 +/- 449 kcal/day). Differences in daily energy expenditure were primarily due to lower (P < 0.05) physical activity energy expenditure in cachectic (269 +/- 307 kcal/day) and noncachectic patients (416 +/- 361 kcal/day) compared with healthy controls (728 +/- 374 kcal/day). A lower (P < 0.05) resting energy expenditure was also noted in cachectic patients (1,414 +/- 210 kcal/day) compared with noncachectic patients (1,698 +/- 252 kcal/day) and healthy controls (1,561 +/- 223 kcal/day). These findings show that daily energy expenditure is not higher, but significantly lower, in cachectic heart failure patients due to lower physical activity and resting energy expenditure. These results argue against the hypothesis that an abnormally elevated daily energy expenditure is associated with weight loss in heart failure.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9080256,

title = {Relationship between physical activity related energy expenditure and body composition: a gender difference},

author = {K R Westerterp and M I Goran},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-03-01},

journal = {Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.},

volume = {21},

number = {3},

pages = {184--188},

abstract = {The doubly labeled water method for the measurement of average daily metabolic rate (ADMR), combined with a measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR), permits the calculation of energy expenditure for physical activity. Thus, the relation between physical activity and body composition (%body fat) can be determined. We analyzed existing data sets with observations on ADMR, BMR, and %body fat including 290 healthy subjects, age 18-49 y, 146 females and 144 males, from 22 different studies. In a regression analysis, age explained 3-7% and 5-20% of the variation in %body fat in females and males, respectively. Adding physical activity to the model raised the explained variation in %body fat in males (partial r = -0.35, P < 0.01). A higher level of physical activity was related to a lower %body fat. In females, there was no relationship between physical activity and body composition (partial r = 0.00, n.s.). In males, there is a significant inverse cross-sectional relationship between activity energy expenditure and percent body fat, whereas no such relationship was apparent in females.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9080254,

title = {Physical activity related energy expenditure and fat mass in young children},

author = {M I Goran and G Hunter and T R Nagy and R Johnson},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-03-01},

journal = {Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.},

volume = {21},

number = {3},

pages = {171--178},

abstract = {To examine whether body fat content in pre-pubertal children is influenced by physical activity related energy expenditure (AEE) and/or more qualitative aspects of physical activity. Cross-sectional study. 101 pre-pubertal children were examined in Study 1: (age: 5.3 +/- 0.9 y; weight: 20.2 +/- 3.6 kg). In Study 2: 68 of the original children were re-examined (age: 6.3 +/- 0.9 y; weight: 23.6 +/- 5.0 y). Fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) were determined by bioelectrical resistance and skinfolds; AEE was estimated from the difference between total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly labeled water and post-prandial resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry; qualitative information on activity was derived by questionnaire. AEE was significantly correlated with FFM (r = 0.32 in both Studies) and body weight (r = 0.28 in Study 1; r = 0.29 in Study 2), but not FM. There were no significant relationships between AEE and any of the variables from the activity questionnaire in children (including TV time, playing time, and an accumulated activity index in h/week). After adjusting for FFM, age, and gender, FM was inversely related to activity time in h/week (partial r = -0.24 in Study 1; partial r = -0.32 in Study 2) but not AEE (P > 0.5). After adjusting for FFM, age, and gender, a small portion of the variance in body fat mass in children (approximately 10%) is explained by time devoted to recreational activity, whereas none of the variance is explained by the combined daily energy expenditure related to physical activity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9315225,

title = {Bioelectrical impedance measurements at various frequencies to estimate human body compositions},

author = {M A Khaled and I Kabir and M I Goran and D Mahalanabis},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-02-01},

journal = {Indian J. Exp. Biol.},

volume = {35},

number = {2},

pages = {159--161},

abstract = {Bioelectrical impedance analyses (BIA) operating at various frequencies were used to estimate body composition parameters and compared with the biochemically determined parameters by using isotopic dilution method in 22 healthy adult (30-50 years old) male human subjects. BIA instruments, operating at 50,100 KHz and 5 to 500 KHz range, were used to measure body compositions, namely total body water (TBW), fat free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM). TBW of these subjects was also determined by deuterium dilution method. BIA methods measured at 100 KHz and using multifrequencies appear to be more accurate than at 50 KHz when compared with isotopic dilution method as standard. This accuracy could be attributed due to measurements made at higher frequencies that falls in the region where current passes through both extra- and intracellularly, thereby giving an appropriate measure of TBW. All the subjects participated in this study belong socioeconomically to the middle class and do not apparently look obese or fatty. However, the mean of their body fat, as estimated by the standard deuterium dilution method, was about 30% which is suggestive of an unapparent obesity prevailing in this class of people in Bangladesh.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9020240,

title = {Cross-validation of prediction equations for resting energy expenditure in young, healthy children},

author = {K Finan and D E Larson and M I Goran},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-02-01},

journal = {J Am Diet Assoc},

volume = {97},

number = {2},

pages = {140--145},

abstract = {To examine the accuracy of several prediction equations for resting energy expenditure (REE) in children. REE was measured in 113 prepubertal children (60 girls and 53 boys aged 3.9 to 7.8 years old, weighing 14.7 to 30.0 kg) using indirect calorimetry and compared with values estimated from the prediction equations of Altman and Dittmer, The Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University (FAO/WHO/UNU), Maffeis et al, and Harris and Benedict. Measured REE (MREE) was compared with predicted REE (PREE) by means of regression analysis. Prediction equations were considered accurate if the regression of MREE vs PREE was not significantly different from the line of identity (slope=1.0; intercept=0). Precision was assessed by the multiple correlation coefficient of the regression of MREE vs PREE. MREE was 938+/-119 kcal/day, and PREE was 1,057+/-224 kcal/day for the Altman and Dittmer equations, 956+/-84 kcal/day for the FAO/WHO/UNU equations, 948+/-64 kcal/day for the equations of Maffeis et al, and 954+/-102 kcal/day for the Harris-Benedict equations. The regression of MREE vs PREE was significantly different from the line of identity for all prediction equations except the FAO/WHO/UNU equations (slope=0.96},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9357812,

title = {Maximal aerobic capacity in African-American and Caucasian prepubertal children},

author = {C A Trowbridge and B A Gower and T R Nagy and G R Hunter and M S Treuth and M I Goran},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

journal = {Am. J. Physiol.},

volume = {273},

number = {4},

pages = {E809--814},

abstract = {The purpose of this study was to examine differences in resting, submaximal, and maximal (VO2max) oxygen consumption (VO2) in African-American (n = 44) and Caucasian (n = 31) prepubertal children aged 5-10 yr. Resting VO2 was measured via indirect calorimetry in the fasted state. Submaximal VO2 and VO2max were determined during an all out, progressive treadmill exercise test appropriate for children. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to determine total fat mass (FM), soft lean tissue mass (LTM), and leg soft LTM. Doubly labeled water was used to determine total energy expenditure (TEE) and activity energy expenditure (AEE). A significant effect of ethnicity (P < 0.01) was found for VO2max but not resting or submaximal VO2, with African-American children having absolute VO2max approximately 15% lower than Caucasian children (1.21 +/- 0.032 vs. 1.43 +/- 0.031 l/min, respectively). The lower VO2max persisted in African-American children after adjustment for soft LTM (1.23 +/- 0.025 vs. 1.39 +/- 0.031 l/min; P < 0.01), leg soft LTM (1.20 +/- 0.031 vs. 1.43 +/- 0.042 l/min; P < 0.01), and soft LTM and FM (1.23 +/- 0.025 vs. 1.39 +/- 0.031 l/min; P < 0.01). The lower VO2max persisted also after adjustment for TEE (1.20 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.38 +/- 0.0028 l/min P < 0.001) and AEE (1.20 +/- 0.024 vs. 1.38 +/- 0.028 l/min; P < 0.001). In conclusion, our data indicate that African-American and Caucasian children have similar rates of VO2 at rest and during submaximal exercise, but VO2max is approximately 15% lower in African-American children, independent of soft LTM, FM, leg LTM, TEE, and AEE.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9024084,

title = {Differential growth of fetal tissues during the second half of pregnancy},

author = {I M Bernstein and M I Goran and S B Amini and P M Catalano},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

journal = {Am J Obstet Gynecol.},

volume = {176},

number = {1 Pt 1},

pages = {28--32},

abstract = {Our purpose was to examine the pattern of growth of both fetal lean body mass incorporating bone, brain, and muscle and subcutaneous fat mass during the course of normal pregnancy. We hypothesized that there are detectable differences in the accretion of fat versus lean body mass. To establish our method we correlated standardized cross-sectional ultrasonographic images of the fetal extremities with anthropometric assessment of neonatal body composition in 25 subjects. Subsequently 36 nonsmoking women with normal prepregnancy body mass index, normal glucose screening results, and no medical or obstetric complications were recruited. We performed 135 ultrasonographic examinations between 19 and 40 weeks' gestation (mean 3.8 scans per fetus, range 2 to 6) at 4-week intervals. Lean body mass measures included biparietal diameter, head circumference, and femur length. Fetal subcutaneous fat and lean body mass were examined both in the mid upper arm and midthigh by standardized cross-sectional images. All neonates were born between 37 and 42 weeks' gestation and had normal birth weight distribution. Stepwise regression analysis established best-fit equations for fetal measurements obtained ultrasonographically. Independent variables included gestational age, maternal age, weight gain in pregnancy, parity, fetal gender, and maternal prepregnancy weight. Fetal bone growth was best described by a second-order quadratic equation demonstrating deceleration with advancing gestational age (p < 0.0001, R2 0.92 to 0.96). A quadratic equation that accelerates with advancing gestation best described lean body mass accretion in the extremities (p < 0.0001},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9250121,

title = {Body composition, resting metabolic rate, and energy requirements of short- and normal-stature, low-income Guatemalan children},

author = {R E Wren and H Blume and M Mazariegos and N Solomons and J O Alvarez and M I Goran},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-00-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {66},

number = {2},

pages = {406--412},

abstract = {We examined body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis and isotope dilution (18O and 2H), resting metabolic rate (RMR) by indirect calorimetry, and total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly labeled water in 15 short-stature (height-for-age < or = -1.5 SD) and 15 normal-stature (height-for-age > -1.5 SD) Guatemalan children aged 4-6 y. Although, in absolute terms significant group differences were found in fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, and total body water (TBW), there were no significant differences in fat mass and TBW after adjustment for FFM. RMR of the short-stature children (3791 +/- 376 kJ/d) was not significantly different from that of normal-stature children (4038 +/- 531 kJ/d), and the regression between RMR and FFM was also not significantly different between groups. TEE was not significantly different in short-stature (4753 +/- 761 kJ/d) compared with normal-stature children (5304 +/- 1020 kJ/d); the regression between TEE and FFM was not significantly different between the two groups. There were no significant group differences in RMR and TEE after adjustment for FFM. FFM was the strongest predictor of TEE, but could only explain 29% of the variance. We conclude that 1) the lower TBW and fat mass in the short-stature group is proportional to their lower FFM, 2) there is no significant difference in either RMR or TEE between short- and normal-stature children, and 3) TEE is highly variable among these children and cannot be explained by differences in body size alone.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid9109890,

title = {Daily energy expenditure in free-living non-institutionalized Alzheimer's patients: a doubly labeled water study},

author = {E T Poehlman and M J Toth and M I Goran and W H Carpenter and P Newhouse and C J Rosen},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-00-01},

journal = {Neurology},

volume = {48},

number = {4},

pages = {997--1002},

abstract = {Weight loss is common in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its pathogenesis is poorly understood. It is unclear whether an elevated daily energy expenditure contributes to the weight loss. We tested the hypothesis that daily energy expenditure is higher in AD patients compared to healthy elderly. Thirty AD (73 +/- 8 years; Mini-Mental State Examination score: 16 +/- 8) and 103 healthy elderly (69 +/- 7 years) were characterized for daily energy expenditure and its components (resting and free-living physical activity energy expenditure) from doubly labeled water and indirect calorimetry. Fat-free mass and fat mass were measured from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fat-free mass tended to be lower in AD patients (45 +/- 9 kg) versus healthy elderly (49 +/- 10 kg; p = 0.07), whereas no differences were noted in fat mass between groups. Daily energy expenditure was 14% lower in AD (1901 +/- 517 kcal/d) compared to healthy elderly (2213 +/- 513 kcal/d; p < 0.001), due to lower resting (1287 +/- 227 versus 1418 +/- 246 kcal/d; p < 0.01) and physical activity energy expenditures (425 +/- 317 versus 574 +/- 342 kcal/d; p < 0.05). No differences in energy expenditure were noted between groups after controlling for differences in body composition. Daily energy expenditure was examined in a subgroup (n = 11) of AD patients who lost significant body weight (5.6 +/- 2.3 kg) within the past year. There was a lower daily energy expenditure in cachectic AD patients (1799 +/- 474 kcal/d) versus non-cachectic patients (1960 +/- 544 kcal/d) and healthy elderly (2213 +/- 513 kcal/d; p < 0.01). Similarly, no differences in energy expenditure were noted between groups after controlling for differences in body composition. We conclude that absolute levels of daily energy expenditure are lower in AD patients due to their lower body mass. However, after taking into account differences in body composition, daily energy expenditure in AD patients is appropriate for their metabolic size. The hypothesis that elevated daily energy expenditure contributes to weight loss in AD is not supported by these findings.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid8906138,

title = {Comparison of multiple-pass 24-hour recall estimates of energy intake with total energy expenditure determined by the doubly labeled water method in young children},

author = {R K Johnson and P Driscoll and M I Goran},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-11-01},

journal = {J Am Diet Assoc},

volume = {96},

number = {11},

pages = {1140--1144},

abstract = {This study determined the accuracy of the multiple-pass 24-hour recall method for estimating energy intake in young children by comparing it with measurements of total energy expenditure made using the doubly labeled water method. Three multiple-pass 24-hour recalls were obtained over a 14-day period to estimate mean energy intake. Total energy expenditure was measured over the same 14-day period under free-living conditions using the doubly labeled water technique. Twenty-four children between the ages of 4 and 7 years were tested at the General Clinical Research Center/Sims Obesity Nutrition Research Center at the University of Vermont. t Tests, paired t tests, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, pairwise comparison to show relative bias and limits of agreement, and regression analysis were used to test the relationships among study variables. No difference was found between 3-day mean energy intake and total energy expenditure for the group (t = 2.07},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid8901785,

title = {Dietary fat in relation to body fat and intraabdominal adipose tissue: a cross-sectional analysis},

author = {D E Larson and G R Hunter and M J Williams and T Kekes-Szabo and I Nyikos and M I Goran},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-11-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {64},

number = {5},

pages = {677--684},

abstract = {Numerous studies report positive links between dietary fat and adiposity. However, the relation between fat intake and intraabdominal adipose tissue (IAAT), a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, is not known. We therefore evaluated the association between dietary fat and adipose tissue stores in 135 white men aged 44 +/- 10 y (mean+/- SD: weight, 86 +/- 14 kg; body fat, 23 +/- 8%) and in 214 white women aged 45 +/- 14 y (weight, 64 +/- 12 kg; body fat, 33 +/- 10%). Dietary intake was estimated from 3-d food records, body composition from hydrostatic weighing, IAAT and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT) by computed tomography, and physical activity by using the Baecke Questionnaire. After adjustment for fat-free mass, sex, age, physical activity, and nonfat energy intake, fat intake was weakly correlated with fat mass, explaining only 2% of the variance (partial R2 = 0.018, P < 0.01). In a separate model that evaluated type of fat, saturated fat was positively related (partial R2 = 0.025, P < 0.01) to fat mass after adjustment for fat-free mass, sex, age, physical activity, and nonfat energy intake whereas polyunsaturated fat intake was negatively related (partial R2 = 0.007},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid8764186,

title = {Exercise increases fat oxidation at rest unrelated to changes in energy balance or lipolysis},

author = {J Calles-Escandon and M I Goran and M O'Connell and K S Nair and E Danforth},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-06-01},

journal = {Am. J. Physiol.},

volume = {270},

number = {6 Pt 1},

pages = {E1009--1014},

abstract = {The hypothesis that exercise increases fat oxidation at rest independently of changes in energy balance, body composition, and/or lipolysis was tested in 21 volunteers. After a period of energy balance, volunteers were randomly allocated to one of four groups: control, overfed (OF), overfed and exercised (OF-EX), and exercised (EX). OF and OF-EX were overfed 50% excess of energy balance calories; OF-EX and EX spent 50% excess of energy balance calories during daily exercise sessions. Exercise increased fat oxidation at rest independently of dietary intake (OF-EX = + 22 +/- 2.4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid8727562,

title = {Determinants of basal fat oxidation in healthy Caucasians},

author = {T R Nagy and M I Goran and R L Weinsier and M J Toth and Y Schutz and E T Poehlman},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-05-01},

journal = {J. Appl. Physiol.},

volume = {80},

number = {5},

pages = {1743--1748},

abstract = {In a retrospective study, we examined several determinants of basal fat oxidation in 720 healthy Caucasian volunteers. Adult men (n = 427) and women (n = 293) were characterized for resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation by indirect calorimetry (after a 12-h overnight fast), peak O2 consumption by a treadmill test to exhaustion, body composition by hydrodensitometry, food intake from a 3-day food diary, and hormonal status by fasting hormone concentrations. Fat oxidation was negatively correlated with fat mass in men (r = -0.11; P < 0.05), but no statistical relationship was found in women. In a stepwise multiple regression analysis, fat oxidation was best predicted by peak O2 consumption and fat-free mass in men (model R2 = 0.142) and by free thyroxine, fat-free mass, and fasting insulin in women (model R2 = 0.153). Relative rates of fat oxidation (fat oxidation adjusted for differences in resting energy expenditure) were not correlated with fat mass in either gender. Women showed a lower rate of basal fat oxidation (both absolute and adjusted) than did men. Our results show that fat oxidation is not greater in individuals with a greater fat mass. Furthermore, our results support a sexual dimorphism in basal rates of fat oxidation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid8599313,

title = {Fat intake and adiposity in children of lean and obese parent},

author = {V T Nguyen and D E Larson and R K Johnson and M I Goran},

doi = {10.1093/ajcn/63.4.507},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-04-10},

journal = {Am J Clin Nutr.},

volume = {63},

number = {4},

pages = {507-13},

keywords = {adiposity, fat intake},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid8602584,

title = {Cross-calibration of body-composition techniques against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in young children},

author = {M I Goran and P Driscoll and R Johnson and T R Nagy and G Hunter},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-03-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {63},

number = {3},

pages = {299--305},

abstract = {Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a standard method for determining body composition in children, we evaluated the accuracy of skinfold-thickness measurements (with the Slaughter et al equations, which are based on triceps and calf skinfold-thickness measurements), bioelectrical resistance (BR; with the Kushner el al equations and age-specific hydration constants), and other clinical measurements (individual skinfold thicknesses and body mass index) for the assessment of body fat in children. We studied a heterogenous group of 49 boys and 49 girls, aged 6.6 +/- 1.4 y and weighing 24.1 +/- 5.9 kg. Fat mass estimated by DXA was significantly lower than fat mass measured by skinfold thickness, even though fat mass measurements by these two techniques were strongly related to each other. Fat mass estimated by DXA was also significantly lower than fat mass measured by BR, and the model R2 and SEE were not as strong as for the skinfold-thickness technique. Fat mass estimated by DXA also correlated with other clinical indexes such as triceps skinfold thickness, body mass index, body weight, and subscapular skinfold thickness. In forward-regression analysis, subscapular skinfold thickness, body weight, triceps skinfold thickness, sex, and height2/resistance estimated the value for fat mass measured by DXA with a model R2 of 0.91 and an SEE of 0.94 kg fat mass. These studies suggest that existing techniques for assessing body fat in children may be inaccurate. We provide new anthropometric equations based on the use of DXA as a criterion that provide accurate and precise measures of body fat and fat-free mass in white children aged 4-9 y. This approach provides estimates of body fat standardized to a known laboratory standard of chemical analysis of carcasses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid8602583,

title = {Cross-calibration of fat and lean measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to pig carcass analysis in the pediatric body weight range},

author = {S J Pintauro and T R Nagy and C M Duthie and M I Goran},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-03-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {63},

number = {3},

pages = {293--298},

abstract = {The objective of this study was to cross-calibrate measurements of body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) with chemical analysis of carcasses of pigs in the pediatric range of body weight. Eighteen pigs (25.5 +/- 7.0 kg; 9.9-32.8% body fat) were scanned in duplicate by using DXA with a Lunar DPX-L densitometer in the pediatric medium and adult fast-detail scan modes. Pigs were then killed and their carcasses analyzed completely. Carcass lean and fat contents were highly correlated with DXA measurement in both scan modes (Pearson r values > 0.98). For lean mass, the relation between carcass content and DXA measures was not significantly different from the line of identity in the adult mode, but was in the pediatric mode. For fat mass, the relations between carcass content and DXA measures were significantly different from the line of identity in both the adult and pediatric modes. In duplicate scans, the reliability of DXA measures of lean mass and fat mass was excellent in both scan modes. Because neither the adult nor the pediatric scan mode provided accurate measures of fat and lean mass, we derived specific correction factors to improve the measurement of total fat and lean compartments, thereby calibrating the Lunar DPX-L to the laboratory standard of carcass analysis in pigs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid8557940,

title = {Athetosis increases resting metabolic rate in adults with cerebral palsy},

author = {R K Johnson and M I Goran and M S Ferrara and E T Poehlman},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-02-01},

journal = {J Am Diet Assoc},

volume = {96},

number = {2},

pages = {145--148},

abstract = {To determine whether resting metabolic rate (RMR) is higher or lower in adults with cerebral palsy compared with the RMR of control subjects and to further examine physical characteristics of cerebral palsy that might affect RMR. Twenty-one adults with cerebral palsy (9 women, 12 men) were compared with 50 control subjects (25 men, 25 women) within the same age range (18 through 50 years). The following measurements were made: RMR by indirect calorimetry, anthropometrics, body composition, and habitual physical activity patterns. The study was conducted at the University of Vermont General Clinical Research Center and the Ball State University Human Performance Laboratory. Mean values +/- standard deviations, t tests, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, analysis of covariance, and stepwise multiple correlation regression analysis were used to examine the relationships among variables of interest. No significant differences were found in body weight, body mass index, fat mass, percentage body fat, and measured RMR between the two groups. The subjects with cerebral palsy were significantly shorter, had less fat-free mass, and expended fewer kilocalories in leisure time activities than the control subjects. After statistical adjustment for differences in fat-free mass, the subjects with cerebral palsy had a 14% (P < .001) higher adjusted RMR (1,742 kcal/day) compared with that of the control subjects (1,534 kcal/day). According to stepwise regression analysis, RMR was best predicted in the entire sample by fat-free mass and the presence or absence of athetosis (multiple R = .83, P < .001). The presence of cerebral palsy alone was not significantly correlated with RMR. The increased energy requirements of adults with cerebral palsy can be partially explained by athetotic movements. In this sample, the presence of athetosis increased RMR by an average of 524 kcal/day.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid8788326,

title = {Effect of the pre-testing environment on measurement of metabolic rate in children},

author = {M I Goran and T R Nagy},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-01-01},

journal = {Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {83--87},

abstract = {To examine two different protocols for measurement of metabolic rate (MR) in children. MR was first measured under typical basal conditions employed in adults and then compared to an alternative protocol in which the measurements were performed in post-prandial state. Repeat measurements were performed for the post-prandial protocol. The cross-over study was performed in 19 healthy children, and the reliability data were provided from 169 observations in children. All children were 4-9 years of age. Basal MR was measured in the morning in the fasted state after children spent the night at The Clinical Research Center. Measurements were repeated 2 weeks later after children reported to the laboratory after consuming their normal breakfast at home (post-prandial). Body composition was measured using bioelectrical resistance. MR was approximately 11% higher under post-prandial conditions (1165 +/- 151 kcal/day vs 1050 +/- 151 kcal/day; p < 0.001 by paired t-test). Respiratory quotient (RQ) was approximately 3% higher under post prandial conditions (0.94 +/- 0.03 vs 0.91 +/- 0.05; p < 0.001 by paired t-test). The correlation between MR and fat free mass was stronger when measurements were performed under post-prandial (r = 0.88; p < 0.001) vs basal conditions (r = 0.64; p < 0.005). The coefficient of variation for 169 repeat measurements using the post-prandial protocol averaged 5.4 +/- 4.1% for MR and 2.9 +/- 2.2% for RQ. The stronger correlation between MR and fat free mass during post prandial measurements implies that the less stringent testing conditions improves compliance during measurement and provides the environment for reproducible measurements. We propose an alternative protocol for determination of post-prandial metabolic rate in children that is reliable, practical and can be potentially applied in a clinical setting.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}