@article{pmid14569051,

title = {A festschrift for Roland L. Weinsier: nutrition scientist, educator, and clinician},

author = {D C Heimburger and D B Allison and M I Goran and A F Heini and D D Hensrud and G R Hunter and S Klein and S K Kumanyika and R F Kushner and B J Rolls and D Schoeller and Y Schutz and R L Weinsier},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-00-01},

journal = {Obes. Res.},

volume = {11},

number = {10},

pages = {1246--1262},

abstract = {Roland L. Weinsier, M.D., Dr.P.H., devoted himself to the fields of nutrition and obesity for more than 35 years. He contributed outstanding work related to the treatment of obesity through dietary and lifestyle change; metabolic/energetic influences on obesity, weight loss, and weight regain; body composition changes accompanying weight loss and regain; the health benefits and risks of weight loss; nutrition education for physicians; and nutrition support of sick patients. He served on the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) National Task Force on Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, as Chair of the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Department of Nutrition Sciences, and as Founder and Director of its NIDDK-funded Clinical Nutrition Research Center. He was a long-time and active member of NAASO, serving in the roles of Councilor, Publications Committee Chair, Continuing Medical Education Course Director, Public Relations Committee Chair, and Membership Committee Co-Chair, to name just a few. He was well respected as a staunch defender of NAASO's scientific integrity in these roles. Sadly, Roland Weinsier died on November 27, 2002. He will be missed and remembered by many as a revered and beloved teacher, mentor, healer, and scholar.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid14569044,

title = {Predicting total body fat from anthropometry in Latino children},

author = {T T Huang and M P Watkins and M I Goran},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-00-01},

journal = {Obes. Res.},

volume = {11},

number = {10},

pages = {1192--1199},

abstract = {To develop prediction equations for total body fat specific to Latino children, using demographic and anthropometric measures. Ninety-six Latino children (7 to 13 years old) were studied. Two-thirds of the sample was randomized into the equation development group; the remainder served as the cross-validation group. Total body fat was measured by DXA. Measures included weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, and skinfolds (suprailiac, triceps, abdomen, subscapula, thigh, and calf). The previously published equation from Dezenberg et al. did not accurately predict total body fat in Latino children. However, newly developed equations with either body weight alone (intercept +/- SE = 1.78 +/- 1.53 kg, p > 0.05; slope +/- SE = 0.90 +/- 0.07, p > 0.05 against slope = 1.0; R(2) = 0.86), weight plus age and gender (intercept +/- SE = 2.28 +/- 1.20 kg, p > 0.05; slope +/- SE = 0.91 +/- 0.05, p > 0.05; against slope = 1.0; R(2) = 0.92), or weight plus height, gender, Tanner stage, and abdominal skinfold (intercept +/- SE = 1.47 +/- 1.01 kg, p > 0.05; slope +/- SE = 0.93 +/- 0.04, p > 0.05; against slope = 1.0, R(2) = 0.97) predicted total body fat without bias. Unique prediction equations of total body fat may be needed for Latino children. Weight, as the single most significant predictor, can be used easily to estimate total body fat in the absence of any additional measures. Including age and gender with weight produces an equally stable prediction equation with increasing precision. Using a combination of demographic and anthropometric measures, we were able to capture 97% of the variance in measured total body fat.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid12679416,

title = {Obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents},

author = {M I Goran and G D Ball and M L Cruz},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-00-01},

journal = {J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.},

volume = {88},

number = {4},

pages = {1417--1427},

abstract = {Overweight/obesity continues to increase in children and adolescents, and annual obesity-related hospital costs in 6-17 yr olds have reached 127 million dollars per year. Overweight children and adolescents are now being diagnosed with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes, and they show early signs of the insulin resistance syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Several risk factors have been identified as contributors to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk in youth. These factors include increased body fat and abdominal fat, insulin resistance, ethnicity (with greater risk in African-American, Hispanic, and Native American children), and onset of puberty. There is no clear explanation of how these factors increase risk, but they appear to act in an additive fashion. We hypothesize that the constellation of these risk factors may be especially problematic during the critical period of adolescent development, especially in individuals who may have compromised beta-cell function and an inability to compensate for severe insulin resistance. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk in obese children and adolescents.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid12453958,

title = {Insulin resistance and associated compensatory responses in african-american and Hispanic children},

author = {M I Goran and R N Bergman and M L Cruz and R Watanabe},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-12-01},

journal = {Diabetes Care},

volume = {25},

number = {12},

pages = {2184--2190},

abstract = {The objective of this study was to compare insulin resistance relative to body fat and the associated compensatory responses in 57 healthy children living in Los Angeles, California (14 Caucasians, 15 African-Americans, and 28 Hispanics). Insulin sensitivity and acute insulin response were determined by intravenous glucose tolerance test. Insulin secretion, hepatic insulin extraction, and insulin clearance were estimated by C-peptide and insulin modeling. Insulin sensitivity was significantly lower in Hispanics and African-Americans compared with Caucasian children, and acute insulin response was significantly higher in African-American children. No ethnic differences were noted in the first-phase secretion, but second-phase insulin secretion was significantly higher in Hispanic children than in African-American children (200 +/- 53 vs. 289 +/- 41 nmol/min; P = 0.03). The greater acute insulin response in African-Americans, despite lower secretion, was explained by a lower hepatic insulin extraction in African-Americans compared with Hispanics (36.6 +/- 2.9 vs. 47.3 +/- 2.2%; P = 0.0006). In conclusion, Hispanic and African-American children are more insulin resistant than Caucasian children, but the associated compensatory responses are different across ethnic groups.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid12140309,

title = {Impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents},

author = {M I Goran},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-07-01},

journal = {N. Engl. J. Med.},

volume = {347},

number = {4},

pages = {290--292},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid12105132,

title = {Insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in black and white children},

author = {M L Cruz and T T Huang and M S Johnson and B A Gower and M I Goran},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-07-01},

journal = {Hypertension},

volume = {40},

number = {1},

pages = {18--22},

abstract = {Although insulin sensitivity is correlated with high blood pressure in adults, it is unclear whether such a relationship exists in children across ethnic groups. Therefore, the aims of the study were to establish (1) if body composition and insulin sensitivity were related to blood pressure in children, and (2) if any differences in blood pressure between white and black children were explained by body composition and/or insulin sensitivity. Insulin sensitivity and the acute insulin response were established by the minimal model and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Blood pressure was recorded in the supine position. Body composition, fasting insulin (P<0.01), and the acute insulin response (P<0.05) were positively related to systolic blood pressure but not to diastolic blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity (P<0.001) was negatively related to systolic blood pressure but not to diastolic blood pressure. Insulin sensitivity was negatively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure after adjustment for body composition (P<0.01). Black children had higher systolic (110+/-9.2 versus 105+/-8.5 mm Hg},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid12087020,

title = {Development of a prediction equation for insulin sensitivity from anthropometry and fasting insulin in prepubertal and early pubertal children},

author = {T T Huang and M S Johnson and M I Goran},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-07-01},

journal = {Diabetes Care},

volume = {25},

number = {7},

pages = {1203--1210},

abstract = {To test the utility of homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) in predicting insulin sensitivity [x10(- 4) min(-1)/(microIU/ml)] in children and to develop and compare two new prediction equations for insulin sensitivity in children using demographic and anthropometric measures in the presence or absence of fasting insulin. We studied 156 white and African-American children with complete data (mean age 9.7 +/- 1.8 years, 87.8% Tanner Stage 1 or 2). For development of new equations, two-thirds of the children were randomly assigned to a development group, whereas the remaining children were assigned to a cross-validation group. A modified HOMA equation accurately predicted insulin sensitivity, but its utility is similar to fasting insulin alone. Demographic and anthropometric measures alone did not predict insulin sensitivity accurately, even when precise measures of body composition were included in the prediction model. Ethnicity, calf skinfold, and fasting insulin together explained 73% of the variance in insulin sensitivity and accurately predicted insulin sensitivity. The regression of measured versus predicted insulin sensitivity in the cross-validation group was not significantly different from the line of identity (P > 0.05). Mean difference between measured and predicted insulin sensitivity was also not significant (P > 0.05). Some bias was apparent, particularly in white boys. Ethnicity, calf skinfold, and fasting insulin can accurately predict insulin sensitivity with greater precision than HOMA or fasting insulin alone (R(2) = 0.73). Future studies, however, are needed to examine whether a universal equation is possible. A cross-validated prediction equation may be useful in population-based studies when complex measures of insulin sensitivity are not available.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid12036802,

title = {Validity of body mass index compared with other body-composition screening indexes for the assessment of body fatness in children and adolescents},

author = {Z Mei and L M Grummer-Strawn and A Pietrobelli and A Goulding and M I Goran and W H Dietz},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-06-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {75},

number = {6},

pages = {978--985},

abstract = {Validation studies of height- and weight-based indexes of body fatness in children and adolescents have examined only small samples of school-age children. The objective was to validate the performance of age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) compared with the Rohrer index (RI) and weight-for-height in screening for both underweight and overweight in children aged 2-19 y. Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 11096) and a pooled data set from 3 studies that used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (n = 920) were examined. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to characterize the sensitivity and specificity of these 3 indexes in classifying both underweight and overweight. Percentage body fat and total fat mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subcutaneous fat was assessed on the basis of the average of triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses. For children aged 2-19 y, BMI-for-age was significantly better than were weight-for-height and RI-for-age in detecting overweight when average skinfold thicknesses were used as the standard, but no differences were found in detecting underweight. When percentage body fat or total fat mass was used as the standard, BMI-for-age was significantly better than was RI-for-age in detecting overweight in children aged 3-19 y. No differences were found between BMI-for-age and weight-for-height in detecting overweight or underweight. For children and adolescents aged 2-19 y, the performance of BMI-for-age is better than that of RI-for-age in predicting underweight and overweight but is similar to that of weight-for-height.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11994367,

title = {Contribution of insulin secretion and clearance to glucose-induced insulin concentration in african-american and caucasian children},

author = {B A Gower and W M Granger and F Franklin and R M Shewchuk and M I Goran},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-05-01},

journal = {J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.},

volume = {87},

number = {5},

pages = {2218--2224},

abstract = {Relative to Caucasians (C), African-American (AA) children and adults have lower indices of insulin sensitivity (S(i)) and a higher acute insulin response to glucose (AIR(g)). Among AA children, AIR(g) is greater than that which would be predicted based on lower S(i). The objectives of the present study were 1) to determine whether insulin secretory parameters differ in AA vs. C children and adolescents using C-peptide modeling, 2) to determine whether hepatic insulin extraction differs with ethnicity/race using the C-peptide to insulin molar ratio, and 3) to determine whether the relatively greater AIR(g) among African-Americans is due to greater insulin secretion or lesser clearance. Subjects (n = 76) were AA and C children (mean age, approximately 11 yr). A 3-h tolbutamide-modified iv glucose tolerance test and minimal modeling were used to determine S(i) and AIR(g). First phase C-peptide/insulin secretion and basal, first, and second phase beta-cell sensitivity to glucose were determined using C-peptide modeling with standard kinetic parameters developed in adults. The incremental C-peptide to insulin molar ratio over the 3-h test period, an index of hepatic insulin extraction, was calculated with the trapezoidal method. S(i) was lower and AIR(g) was higher in AA vs. C children. First phase C-peptide/insulin secretion and first phase beta-cell sensitivity to glucose were approximately 2-fold greater in AA vs. C children (P < 0.001); there were no between-group differences in basal or second phase beta-cell sensitivity to glucose. Hepatic insulin extraction was lower in AA vs. C (3.77 +/- 1.78% vs. 5.99 +/- 2.18%; P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression modeling indicated that first phase C-peptide/insulin secretion and hepatic insulin extraction contributed independently to AIR(g); however, it was only first phase C-peptide/insulin secretion that explained the significant independent contribution of ethnicity/race to AIR(g) after adjusting for S(i). The results of this study suggest that greater AIR(g) among AA is due to both greater insulin secretion and lesser hepatic insulin extraction, and that AIR(g) above that predicted based on lower S(i) is due to greater insulin secretion. The insulin secretion data await verification that the kinetic parameters used apply to children and AA.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11864866,

title = {Relation between mothers' child-feeding practices and children's adiposity},

author = {D Spruijt-Metz and C H Lindquist and L L Birch and J O Fisher and M I Goran},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-03-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {75},

number = {3},

pages = {581--586},

abstract = {The prevalence of obesity in American children is currently estimated to be 25%. Poor nutritional habits during childhood have been directly related to pediatric obesity. Our objective was to evaluate the relation between mothers' child-feeding practices and children's adiposity in a sample of boys and girls from 2 ethnic groups. A total of 74 white (25 boys and 49 girls) and 46 African American (22 boys and 24 girls) children ( plus minus SD age: 11 plus minus 1.7 y) and their mothers participated in this study. The children's body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The mothers' child-feeding practices were assessed with the Child Feeding Questionnaire. Dietary intake data were based on three 24-h dietary recalls conducted by use of the multiple-pass technique. Two subscales of the Child Feeding Questionnaire, pressure to eat and concern for child's weight, explained 15% of the variance in total fat mass in both African American and white boys and girls (P < 0.001) after correction for total lean mass and energy intake (which explained 5% of the variance in total fat mass). Ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status did not contribute significantly to variance in total fat mass. Child-feeding practices are key behavioral variables that explain more of the variance in total fat mass than does energy intake in a biethnic population of boys and girls. These findings have important implications for the prevention of obesity in children because they suggest that prevention programs need to focus on the feeding behaviors of parents in addition to the macronutrient and energy intakes of children.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11864850,

title = {Body-composition assessment via air-displacement plethysmography in adults and children: a review},

author = {D A Fields and M I Goran and M A McCrory},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-03-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {75},

number = {3},

pages = {453--467},

abstract = {Laboratory-based body-composition techniques include hydrostatic weighing (HW), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), measurement of total body water (TBW) by isotope dilution, measurement of total body potassium, and multicompartment models. Although these reference methods are used routinely, each has inherent practical limitations. Whole-body air-displacement plethysmography is a new practical alternative to these more traditional body-composition methods. We reviewed the principal findings from studies published between December 1995 and August 2001 that compared the BOD POD method (Life Measurement, Inc, Concord, CA) with reference methods and summarized factors contributing to the different study findings. The average of the study means indicates that the BOD POD and HW agree within 1% body fat (BF) for adults and children, whereas the BOD POD and DXA agree within 1% BF for adults and 2% BF for children. Few studies have compared the BOD POD with multicompartment models; those that have suggest a similar average underestimation of approximate 2-3% BF by both the BOD POD and HW. Individual variations between 2-compartment models compared with DXA and 4 -compartment models are partly attributable to deviations from the assumed chemical composition of the body. Wide variations among study means, -4.0% to 1.9% BF for BOD POD - HW and -3.0% to 1.7% BF for BOD POD - DXA, are likely due in part to differences in laboratory equipment, study design, and subject characteristics and in some cases to failure to follow the manufacturer's recommended protocol. Wide intersubject variations between methods are partly attributed to technical precision and biological error but to a large extent remain unexplained. On the basis of this review, future research goals are suggested.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid12376577,

title = {Effect of changes in fat distribution on the rates of change of insulin response in children},

author = {T T Huang and M S Johnson and B A Gower and M I Goran},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-00-01},

journal = {Obes. Res.},

volume = {10},

number = {10},

pages = {978--984},

abstract = {To develop mixed models for examining longitudinal associations between rates of change in visceral, subcutaneous abdominal, and total body fat with rates of change in fasting insulin (FI) and insulin sensitivity (SI) over 3 years in children. Seventy-seven children (mean age, 8.3 years at baseline) from Birmingham, Alabama, with three or more annual measures of FI and SI were included. Abdominal fat was measured by computed tomography, and total body fat and lean tissue mass were measured by DXA. Mixed models examined the longitudinal associations between the baseline level/rate of change of different fat compartments and the rate of change in FI or SI. An annual increase of approximately 5% in FI was associated with 1 cm(2)/yr of visceral fat gain per year (p < 0.05), independent of subcutaneous abdominal fat. A 1-cm(2) difference in initial subcutaneous abdominal fat was associated with an approximately 0.2% increase per year in FI (p < 0.02), independent of visceral fat. None of the rates of change in any of the fat measures was associated with the rate of change of SI. The rate of change in visceral fat was positively associated with the rate of change in FI, independent of increasing subcutaneous abdominal fat; however, subcutaneous abdominal fat may be more predictive of the rate of change of FI than visceral or total fat. Therefore, growth-related increases in abdominal fat, particularly subcutaneous abdominal fat, may contribute to accelerating increases in FI, but have no effect on SI.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid12147825,

title = {Bone, muscle, and fat: sex-related differences in prepubertal children},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-00-01},

journal = {Radiology},

volume = {224},

number = {2},

pages = {338--344},

abstract = {To determine whether there are sex-related differences in vertebral cross-sectional dimensions, in paraspinous muscle area, and in the amount of fat in the subcutaneous and visceral compartments of prepubertal boys and girls. Subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, paraspinous musculature, and vertebral cross-sectional dimensions were studied in 31 pairs of prepubertal healthy white girls and boys 5-10 years of age, rigorously matched for age, height, and weight. Data were analyzed with the Student t test and multiple regression analysis. Sex had a differential effect on fat accumulation and musculoskeletal development. Compared with boys, girls had, on average, 28% greater total fat and 30% higher subcutaneous fat (P <.001 for both), but 10% less paraspinous musculature (P =.002) and 15% smaller vertebral cross-sectional dimensions (P <.001). In contrast, the sexes were monomorphic for visceral fat (P =.24). Stepwise regression analysis indicated that only 22% of the difference in vertebral cross-sectional area could be explained by sex-related differences in paraspinous musculature. Together, these data indicate that sex is an important determinant of the morphology in humans well before the beginning of puberty.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11723079,

title = {Effects of low birth weight on insulin resistance syndrome in caucasian and African-American children},

author = {C Li and M S Johnson and M I Goran},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-12-01},

journal = {Diabetes Care},

volume = {24},

number = {12},

pages = {2035--2042},

abstract = {To examine the effects of low birth weight (LBW) on the components of insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) in Caucasian and African-American children aged 4-14 years (n = 560 observations among 139 subjects). A linear random-effects modeling analysis with repeated measures (average four annual visits per child) was conducted to examine the associations between LBW and the components of IRS and their developmental trends over age. Fasting glucose, insulin, and lipids were assessed after an overnight fast; insulin action and secretion were determined by the tolbutamide-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test; and body composition was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography. LBW was significantly associated with increased fasting insulin concentration and visceral fat mass, decreased acute insulin response, beta-cell function, and HDL cholesterol among African-American children. Among children with LBW, there were significant differences in fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response, and HDL cholesterol between Caucasians and African-Americans. LBW was significantly associated with faster decrease in acute insulin response and increase in triglycerides with regard to age. The hyperbolic function between insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function was retarded among children with LBW (P = 0.04). In addition, there was a significant interaction between LBW and ethnicity in relation to fasting insulin (P < 0.05) and visceral fat (P = 0.05). LBW may predict the risk of the IRS and its progression over age in childhood, and this effect may be more pronounced among African-American children.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11679420,

title = {Longitudinal study on pubertal insulin resistance},

author = {M I Goran and B A Gower},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-11-01},

journal = {Diabetes},

volume = {50},

number = {11},

pages = {2444--2450},

abstract = {Previous cross-sectional studies show that puberty is associated with a reduction in insulin sensitivity (S(I)), but no longitudinal studies have examined this change in detail. This study is a longitudinal study in 60 children (33 male and 27 female subjects; 32 Caucasian and 28 African-American) examined at Tanner stage I (age 9.2 +/- 1.4 years) and after 2.0 +/- 0.6 years of follow-up, by which time 29 children remained at Tanner stage I and 31 had progressed to Tanner stage III or IV. Tanner stage was assessed by physical examination. S(I), the acute insulin response (AIR), and the disposition index (DI) were determined by the tolbutamide-modified intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal modeling, body fat mass was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, visceral fat was determined by computed tomography, and fasting blood was analyzed for hormone levels. In children progressing to Tanner stage III, S(I) fell significantly by 32% (4.4 +/- 3.0 to 3.0 +/- 1.7 x 10(-4)min(-1)/[microIU/ml]), AIR increased by 30%, DI fell by 27%, and there was a significant increase in fasting glucose (93.5 +/- 5.0 to 97.0 +/- 4.1 mg/dl) and insulin (14.3 +/- 8.1 to 18.6 +/- 11.0 microIU/ml). In children remaining at Tanner stage I, there was a slight increase in S(I) (6.4 +/- 3.1 to 7.4 +/- 3.5 x 10(-4)min(-1)/[microIU/ml]) with no significant change in AIR or fasting glucose and insulin. The pubertal fall in S(I) was more consistent in African-Americans; remained significant after controlling for age, sex, and change in fat mass, visceral fat, and fat-free mass; and was similar in children at low, medium, and high body fat. Change in S(I) was not significantly related to change in fasting hormone levels, but change in AIR was significantly related to change in androstendione (r = 0.39; P = 0.04). Pubertal transition from Tanner stage I to Tanner stage III was associated with a 32% reduction in S(I,) and increases in fasting glucose, insulin, and AIR. These changes were similar across sex, ethnicity, and obesity. The significant fall in DI suggests conservation in beta-cell function or an inadequate beta-cell response to the fall in S(I). The fall in S(I) was not associated with changes in body fat, visceral fat, IGF-I, androgens, or estradiol.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11528352,

title = {Comparison of the BOĐ POĐ with the four-compartment model in adult females},

author = {D A Fields and G D Wilson and L B Gladden and G R Hunter and D D Pascoe and M I Goran},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-09-01},

journal = {Med Sci Sports Exerc},

volume = {33},

number = {9},

pages = {1605--1610},

abstract = {This study was designed to compare the accuracy and bias in estimates of total body density (Db) by hydrostatic weighing (HW) and the BOD POD, and percent body fat (%fat) by the BOD POD with the four-compartment model (4C model) in 42 adult females. Furthermore, the role of the aqueous and mineral fractions in the estimation of body fat by the BOD POD was examined. Total body water was determined by isotope dilution ((2)H(2)0) and bone mineral was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Db and %fat were determined by the BOD POD and HW. The 4C model of Baumgartner was used as the criterion measure of body fat. HW Db (1.0352 g x cm(-3)) was not statistically different (P = 0.35) from BOD POD Db (1.0349 g x cm(-3)). The regression between Db by HW and the BOD POD significantly deviated from the line of identity (Db by HW = 0.90 x Db by BOD POD + 0.099; R(2) = 0.94). BOD POD %fat (28.8%) was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than %fat by the 4C model (30.6%). The regression between %fat by the 4C model and the BOD POD significantly deviated from the line of identity (%fat by 4C model = 0.88 x %fat by BOD POD + 5.41%; R(2) = 0.92). BOD POD Db and %fat showed no bias across the range of fatness. Only the aqueous fraction of the fat-free mass (FFM) had a significant correlation with the difference in %fat between the 4C model and the BOD POD. These data indicate that the BOD POD underpredicted body fat as compared with the 4C model, and the aqueous fraction of the FFM had a significant effect on estimates of %fat by the BOD POD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11443186,

title = {Longitudinal changes in body fat in African American and Caucasian children: influence of fasting insulin and insulin sensitivity},

author = {M S Johnson and R Figueroa-Colon and T T Huang and J H Dwyer and M I Goran},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-07-01},

journal = {J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.},

volume = {86},

number = {7},

pages = {3182--3187},

abstract = {Obesity is associated with hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin sensitivity, both risk factors for type 2 diabetes. However, it is not clear whether these risk factors occur as a result of obesity or whether they contribute to the development of obesity. The aims of this study were to determine whether baseline (first visit) or changes in insulin measures over time were associated with longitudinal changes in body fat mass during growth in children. The study group consisted of 137 children (83 Caucasian and 54 African American) with a mean age of 8.1 yr at baseline. The children returned for 3-6 annual visits for measurement of fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity (Si), and acute insulin response (AIR) from the tolbutamide-modified frequent sampling iv glucose tolerance test and for determination of body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Data were analyzed using SAS Proc mixed growth models. Total fat mass increased with time by 15.6%/yr (P = 0.013), but the rate of increase was not significantly influenced by race, sex, or Tanner stage. However, fasting insulin (positive effect), Si (negative effect), and AIR (positive effect) were significantly associated with the rate of increase in fat mass. In conclusion, in this cohort of children, growth-related increases in body fat were significantly associated with increases in fasting insulin and AIR and decreases in Si.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11346669,

title = {Growth of visceral fat, subcutaneous abdominal fat, and total body fat in children},

author = {T T Huang and M S Johnson and R Figueroa-Colon and J H Dwyer and M I Goran},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-05-01},

journal = {Obes. Res.},

volume = {9},

number = {5},

pages = {283--289},

abstract = {To examine the patterns of growth of visceral fat, subcutaneous abdominal fat, and total body fat over a 3- to 5-year period in white and African American children. Children (mean age: 8.1 +/- 1.6 years at baseline) were recruited from Birmingham, Alabama, and those with three or more repeated annual measurements were included in the analysis (N = 138 children and 601 observations). Abdominal adipose tissue (visceral and subcutaneous) was measured using computed tomography. Total body fat and lean tissue mass were measured by DXA. Random growth curve modeling was performed to estimate growth rates of the different body fat compartments. Visceral fat and total body fat both exhibited significant growth effects before and after adjusting for subcutaneous abdominal fat and lean tissue mass, respectively, and for gender, race, and baseline age (5.2 +/- 2.2 cm(2)/yr and 1.9 +/- 0.8 kg/yr, respectively). After adjusting for total body fat, the growth of subcutaneous abdominal fat was not significant. Whites showed a higher visceral fat growth than did African Americans (difference: 1.9 +/- 0.8 cm(2)/yr), but there was no ethnic difference for growth of subcutaneous abdominal fat or total body fat. There were no gender differences found for any of the growth rates. Growth of visceral fat remained significant after adjusting for growth of subcutaneous abdominal fat, implying that the acquisition of the two abdominal fat compartments may involve different physiologic mechanisms. In contrast, growth of subcutaneous abdominal fat was explained by growth in total body fat, suggesting that subcutaneous fat may not be preferentially deposited in the abdominal area during this phase of growth. Finally, significantly higher growth of visceral fat in white compared with African American children is consistent with cross-sectional findings.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11323449,

title = {Anti-lipolytic effects of insulin in African American and white prepubertal boys},

author = {B A Gower and S L Herd and M I Goran},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-03-01},

journal = {Obes. Res.},

volume = {9},

number = {3},

pages = {224--228},

abstract = {Relative to whites, African Americans have lower circulating triglycerides (TG) and greater highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol. The metabolic basis for this difference is not known. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that insulin-induced suppression of free fatty acids (FFA) results in lower serum TG in African American versus white prepubertal children. Insulin, FFA, and TG were determined at baseline and during a frequently sampled, intravenous glucose tolerance test in eight African American and eight white prepubertal males pair-matched for whole-body insulin sensitivity. Baseline TG was lower in African Americans (0.43 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.79 +/- 0.37 mM/L; mean +/- SD; p < 0.01). African Americans had higher peak insulin (218 +/- 102 vs. 100 +/- 30 pM/L; mean +/- SD; p < 0.01) and a greater acute insulin response (9282 +/- 4272 vs. 4230 +/- 1326 pM/L x 10 minutes; mean +/- SD; p < 0.05). FFA and TG values determined at the FFA nadir were lower in African Americans (0.26 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.30 +/- 0.03 mEq/L; mean +/- SD; p < 0.01 for FFA nadir and 0.49 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.77 +/- 0.33 mM/L; mean +/- SD; p < 0.05 for TG). Among all subjects, FFA nadir was correlated with peak insulin (r = -0.54; p < 0.05). After adjusting for FFA nadir, neither baseline nor postchallenge TG differed with ethnicity (p = 0.073 and 0.192, respectively). The ethnic difference in FFA nadir disappeared after adjusting for peak insulin (p = 0.073). These data suggest that hyperinsulinemiainduced suppression of FFA among African Americans is a determinant of lower TG in this group.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11410820,

title = {Body fat, fat distribution and serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in African-American and Caucasian-American prepubertal children},

author = {S L Herd and B A Gower and N Dashti and M I Goran},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-02-01},

journal = {Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.},

volume = {25},

number = {2},

pages = {198--204},

abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of body fat mass and fat distribution on serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in African-American and Caucasian-American prepubertal children. Study participants included 62 African-American children (age 8.3+/-1.4 y; body mass 37.3+/-13.6 kg; height 133+/-11 cm) and 39 Caucasian children (age 8.6+/-1.2 y; body mass 34.1+/-11.0 kg; height 131+/-9 cm). Venous blood samples were obtained after a 12 h overnight fast and serum was analyzed for total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triacylglycerol (TAG), apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) concentrations. Body composition and body fat distribution were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography, respectively. African-American children had lower TAG (46+/-20 vs 61+/-32 mg/dl},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11157329,

title = {A longitudinal study of resting energy expenditure relative to body composition during puberty in African American and white children},

author = {M Sun and B A Gower and A A Bartolucci and G R Hunter and R Figueroa-Colon and M I Goran},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-02-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {73},

number = {2},

pages = {308--315},

abstract = {Body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE) have not been examined longitudinally during puberty. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the influence of pubertal maturation on REE relative to body composition in African American and white children. The study included 92 white and 64 African American children (mean age at baseline: 8.3 and 7.9 y, respectively) from Birmingham, AL. The children had 2-5 annual measurements of fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and REE. The Tanner stages of the children ranged from 1 to 5. Mixed-model repeated-measures analyses were used to test the change in REE relative to body composition with increasing Tanner stage among ethnic and sex groups. LM increased from Tanner stage 1 to subsequent stages. FM relative to LM decreased from Tanner stage 1 to stages 3, 4, and 5 but not from stage 1 to stage 2. The African American children had relatively higher limb LM and lower trunk LM than did the white children. REE declined with Tanner stage after adjustment for ethnicity, sex, FM, and LM. This decline was significant from Tanner stage 1 to stages 3, 4, and 5 but not to Tanner stage 2. After adjustment for age, Tanner stage, FM, and LM or LM distribution, REE was significantly higher in white than in African American children (by approximately 250 kJ/d). In a large sample of children at various Tanner stages, we found an ethnic difference in REE after adjustment for age, Tanner stage, FM, and LM that was not explained by the difference in LM distribution.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11157310,

title = {Metabolic precursors and effects of obesity in children: a decade of progress, 1990-1999},

author = {M I Goran},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-02-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {73},

number = {2},

pages = {158--171},

abstract = {Current data suggest that 20% of US children are overweight. An analysis of secular trends suggested a clear upward trend in body weight in children of 0.2 kg/y between 1973 and 1994. In addition, childhood obesity is more prevalent among minority subgroups, such as African Americans. Obesity that begins early in life persists into adulthood and increases the risk of obesity-related conditions later in life. Obesity is now considered a disease of epidemic proportions, not just in the United States but also worldwide. In the past 10 y there has been a tremendous increase in the number of studies examining the etiology and health effects of obesity in children. The major objectives of this article are to 1) review highlights in pediatric obesity research from 1990 to 1999; 2) summarize our research on the roles of energy expenditure, physical activity, and aerobic capacity in the etiology of pediatric obesity, and on ethnic differences in the relation between obesity and type 2 diabetes risk factors in children; and 3) discuss areas of future study that will require greater emphasis as the field of childhood obesity research evolves over future years.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11595775,

title = {Influence of leptin on changes in body fat during growth in African American and white children},

author = {M S Johnson and T T Huang and R Figueroa-Colon and J H Dwyer and M I Goran},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-00-01},

journal = {Obes. Res.},

volume = {9},

number = {10},

pages = {593--598},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine whether initial levels or temporal changes in fasting leptin were associated with longitudinal changes in body-fat mass in children. The study group consisted of 85 children (42 white and 43 African American) with a mean initial age of 8.1 +/- 0.1 years. The children had between three and six annual visits for repeated measurements of body composition by DXA and fasting leptin level. Fat mass and fasting leptin level were not normally distributed and were log-transformed. Data were analyzed using SAS Proc mixed growth models, with log fat as the dependent variable. Initial leptin level was a significant predictor of the change in fat mass over time (p < 0.0001), with high initial leptin levels resulting in increased fat gain, independent of initial fat levels. This relationship remained significant when the data were analyzed separately by race (whites, p < 0.0001; African Americans},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11500522,

title = {Influence of total vs. visceral fat on insulin action and secretion in African American and white children},

author = {M I Goran and R N Bergman and B A Gower},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-00-01},

journal = {Obes. Res.},

volume = {9},

number = {8},

pages = {423--431},

abstract = {To examine whether total body fat (FAT) in general or visceral fat (VFAT) in particular is associated with greater metabolic risk in white and African American children. A total of 68 white and 51 African American children had measures of insulin sensitivity (Si) and acute insulin response (AIR) by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, total body fat by DXA and abdominal fat distribution (visceral vs. subcutaneous) by computed tomography. The influence of FAT and VFAT on insulin parameters were examined by comparing subgroups of children with high or low FAT vs. high or low VFAT and by multiple regression analysis. In whites, fasting insulin, Si, and AIR were significantly influenced by FAT, but not VFAT (e.g., for Si, 9.8 +/- 0.8 in low FAT vs. 4.6 +/- 0.7 x 10(-4)/min/[microIU/mL[ in high FAT, p < 0.05; 6.8 +/- 0.7 in low VFAT vs. 7.5 +/- 0.8 x 10(-4)/min/[microIU/mL] in high VFAT, p > 0.1). In African Americans, fasting insulin and Si were also primarily influenced by FAT (e.g., for Si, 4.9 +/- 0.4 in low FAT vs. 2.8 +/- 0.5 x 10(-4)/min/[microIU/mL] in high FAT, p < 0.05) but not by VFAT, and there were no significant effects of either fat compartment on AIR. In multiple regression analysis, Si was significantly influenced by FAT (negative effect), ethnicity (lower in African Americans), and gender (lower in females), whereas fasting insulin was significantly influenced by VFAT (positive effect), ethnicity (higher in African Americans), and fat free mass (positive effect). Body fat in general is the predominant factor influencing Si, but VFAT may have additional effects on fasting insulin. The lack of major effects of VFAT on Si in children may be explained by lower levels of VFAT or because VFAT affects aspects of whole body insulin action that are not measured by the minimal model.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11494644,

title = {Energy expenditure, physical activity, and obesity in children},

author = {M I Goran and M S Treuth},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-00-01},

journal = {Pediatr. Clin. North Am.},

volume = {48},

number = {4},

pages = {931--953},

abstract = {Although there are physiologic and genetic influences on the various components of energy metabolism and body weight regulation, and a major portion of individual differences in body weight can be explained by genetic differences, it seems unlikely that the increased global prevalence of obesity has been driven by a dramatic change in the gene pool. It is more likely and more reasonable that acute changes in behavior and environment have contributed to the rapid increase in obesity and that genetic factors may be important in the deferring individual susceptibilities to these changes. The most striking behavioral changes that have occurred have been an increased reliance on high-fat and energy-dense "fast foods," with larger portion sizes, coupled with an ever-increasing sedentary lifestyle. The more sedentary lifestyle is caused by an increased reliance on technology and labor-saving devices, which has reduced the need for physical exertion for everyday activities. Examples of energy-saving devices that have resulted in a secular decline in physical activity include: Increased use of automated transport rather than walking or biking Central heating and use of automated equipment, such as washing machines, in the household. Reduction in physical activity in the workplace because of computers, automated equipment, and electronic mail. Increased use of television and computers for entertainment and leisure activities. Use of elevators and escalators rather than stairs. Increased concern for crime, which has reduced the likelihood of outdoor playing. Poor urban planning that does not provide adequate biking paths or even sidewalks in some communities. Thus, the increasing prevalence, numerous health risks, and astounding economic costs of obesity clearly justify widespread efforts toward prevention efforts. These prevention efforts should begin in childhood because the behaviors are learned and continue through the lifetime.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11331426,

title = {Defining health-related obesity in prepubertal children},

author = {P B Higgins and B A Gower and G R Hunter and M I Goran},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-00-01},

journal = {Obes. Res.},

volume = {9},

number = {4},

pages = {233--240},

abstract = {The purpose of this study was to develop percentage of fat and waist circumference cut-points in prepubertal children with the intention of defining obesity associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. A cross-sectional analysis of 87 prepubertal children aged 4 to 11 years was used. Percentage of body fat was determined by DXA. Waist circumference was measured to the nearest millimeter. Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses of percentage of fat and waist circumference were used to develop cut-points for individuals with adverse levels of CVD risk factors. The risk factors selected for analyses (i.e., fasting insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were significantly related to percentage of body fat and waist circumference. Likelihood ratios were used to identify percentage of fat and waist circumference cut-points associated with adverse cardiovascular risk profiles. Two cut-points, an upper cut-point of 33% body fat and a lower cut-point of 20% body fat, were derived. Waist circumference cut-points indicative of adverse and normal risk-factor profiles were 71 cm and 61 cm, respectively. The data indicate that children with > or =33% body fat and children with a waist circumference > or =71 cm were more likely to possess an adverse CVD risk-factor profile than a normal risk-factor profile. The likelihood of children with < 20% body fat or a waist circumference < 61 cm possessing an adverse CVD risk-factor profile as opposed to a normal risk-factor profile was small. The cut-points describe an adequate health-related definition of childhood obesity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11156436,

title = {Influence of body composition on the accuracy of reported energy intake in children},

author = {J O Fisher and R K Johnson and C Lindquist and L L Birch and M I Goran},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-11-01},

journal = {Obes. Res.},

volume = {8},

number = {8},

pages = {597--603},

abstract = {Mis-reporting dietary intake is a substantial barrier to understanding the role of dietary behavior in disease. Work with adults indicates that heavier individuals under-report dietary intake and that under-reporting may be macronutrient-specific. Whether weight status and macronutrient intake influence the accuracy of dietary reports among children, however, is less clear. This research evaluated children's dietary reporting accuracy as a function of their relative weight, body composition, and macronutrient intake. Participants included 146 4- to 11-year-old children. Reported energy intake was determined by interviewing children in the presence of parents, using three multiple pass, 24-hour recalls. Children were classified as having had an under-reported, accurately reported, or over-reported dietary intake relative to total energy expenditure, as measured by doubly labeled water. Reporting accuracy was examined as a function of children's body weight, body composition (using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), and macronutrient intake. Average reported intake was, on average, 14% greater than children's estimated expenditure (p < 0.01). Reporting accuracy varied as a function of children's relative weight and body composition; under-reporting tended to occur among heavier children, having the highest body fat content (p < 0.0001) and relative weight (p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that weight status influences the accuracy of dietary reports made by children and their parents. More research is needed to address possible psychological and social factors that introduce bias in reporting children's dietary data.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10967615,

title = {Comparison of children's dietary intake patterns with US dietary guidelines},

author = {L M Brady and C H Lindquist and S L Herd and M I Goran},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-09-01},

journal = {Br. J. Nutr.},

volume = {84},

number = {3},

pages = {361--367},

abstract = {Monitoring dietary intake patterns among children is important in order to explore and prevent the onset of adult health problems. The aim of the present study was to compare children's dietary intakes with national recommendations and to determine whether sex or ethnic differences were evident. This was done using a methodology that allows assessment of intake from the major components of the Food Guide Pyramid developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA: US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services (1992)). The sample studied included 110 African-American and Caucasian males and females (mean age 9.9 years, BMI 20.1 kg/m2) from Birmingham, AL, USA, who were participating in a study investigating the development of obesity. Dietary data were based on three 24 h recalls and food group intake was determined using the USDA Pyramid Servicing Database. The results indicated that a high percentage of subjects failed to meet the recommended number of servings from each of the food groups. For example, only 5 % and 9 % met fruit and dietary group recommendations respectively. Consumption of foods from the Pyramid 'tip' (including discretionary fat and added sugar) contributed almost 50 % of the diet. African-Americans were more likely to meet requirements for the meat group, with a higher proportion of Caucasians meeting dietary recommendations. Males were more likely to meet the vegetable group guidelines although females consumed more energy per day from discretionary fat. In conclusion, these results suggest that implementation of nutrition education programmes may be important for promoting healthy nutrition among American children.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10933306,

title = {Comparison of zinc reduction with platinum reduction for analysis of deuterium-enriched water samples for the doubly labeled water technique},

author = {S L Herd and W H Vaughn and M I Goran},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-07-01},

journal = {Obes. Res.},

volume = {8},

number = {4},

pages = {302--308},

abstract = {Isotope ratio mass spectrometry of hydrogen and oxygen is frequently used to determine total energy expenditure (TEE) using doubly labeled water. Conventionally, hydrogen isotope ratio is determined in hydrogen gas generated from water samples using zinc reduction. We compare this with a new automated platinum method to determine the ratios of hydrogen isotopes in deuterium-enriched water samples. The platinum method of sample preparation was compared with the zinc method in three ways: analytical variation in deuterium enrichment (within sample; n = 51), analytical variation in TEE estimates (within sample set; n = 10), and level of agreement of TEE estimates between both methods (n = 14). For the zinc method, the standard deviation for multiple sets of triplicate 2H2O sample analysis was +/-4.36 per thousand and +/-2.07 per thousand for platinum. The correlation between TEE estimates when sample sets were analyzed in duplicate was r = 0.89 for zinc and r = 0.83 for platinum. The intercept and slope of the regression line were significantly different from the line of identity for duplicate TEE estimates by zinc but were not different from the line of identity for platinum. After correction for the intra-assay variation of each method, the correlation between zinc and platinum for TEE was 0.77, and the intercept, but not the slope, of the regression was significantly different from the line of identity. The mean difference between the zinc method and the platinum method was 56 kcal/day, and the 95% confidence interval was -438 to 550 kcal/day. These data suggest that the platinum method is at least as reliable as the zinc method as a sample preparation technique for isotope ratio mass spectrometry of deuterium-enriched water samples. The platinum method is also less costly and less labor-intensive than the zinc method.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10843150,

title = {Leptin in postmenopausal women: influence of hormone therapy, insulin, and fat distribution},

author = {B A Gower and T R Nagy and M I Goran and A Smith and E Kent},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-05-01},

journal = {J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.},

volume = {85},

number = {5},

pages = {1770--1775},

abstract = {Whether use of hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) influences menopause-related changes in body weight is unclear. HRT may affect energy balance by influencing synthesis of the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin. The objectives of this study were to: 1) identify factors influencing circulating leptin in postmenopausal women; 2) determine whether HRT influences serum leptin after adjusting for confounding factors; and, 3) identify potential independent effects of HRT or leptin on resting energy expenditure (REE). Subjects were 54 postmenopausal women, 45-55 yr old, 35 of whom used HRT (estrogen plus progestin). Total and regional body composition and fat distribution were determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography; fasting serum leptin and insulin, by RIA; and REE, by indirect calorimetry. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis indicated that serum leptin could best be predicted from total fat mass, fasting serum insulin, and total lean mass [log leptin = 1.08 x log fat mass) + (0.46 x log insulin) + (-1.25 x log lean mass) + 1.88; model R2 = 0.78, P < 0.001]. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that visceral fat was independently related to leptin (parameter estimate = 0.23, P < 0.05), after adjusting for s.c. abdominal fat and leg fat, as well as lean mass and insulin. After adjusting for total fat mass, total lean mass, and fasting insulin, serum leptin did not differ between users and nonusers of HRT (21.7 +/- 1.0 vs. 20.2 +/- 1.3 ng/mL},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10802496,

title = {Growth of adolescents who were born at extremely low birth weight without major disability},

author = {M Peralta-Carcelen and D S Jackson and M I Goran and S A Royal and M S Mayo and K G Nelson},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-05-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr.},

volume = {136},

number = {5},

pages = {633--640},

abstract = {To compare growth between adolescents who were born at extremely low birth weight (ELBW, /=2500 g). Cross-sectional design. Fifty-three ELBW and 53 NBW adolescents without a major neurodevelopmental disability were matched by sex, race, age, and socioeconomic status. Anthropometrics (z scores), bone age, body composition (Lunar DPX-L densitometry), and sexual maturity were assessed. ELBW adolescents were classified as being born small for gestational age (SGA) or not (NSGA). Subjects were 58.5% female, 43.4% black, and 56.6% white. The mean birth weight for ELBW subjects was 849 g and 3355 g for NBW subjects. The mean age was 14.85 years. On average, ELBW adolescents were 4.8 cm shorter and 9.1 kg lighter than NBW adolescents. ELBW adolescents had lower mean z scores for height (P <.0001), weight (P <.0001), and head circumference (P <.0001) than NBW adolescents. ELBW/SGA subjects had lower mean z scores for height (P <.0001) and weight (P =.001) than NBW subjects. Head circumference z scores were lower for the ELBW/SGA group than the ELBW/NSGA group or the NBW group (P =. 003). Sexual maturity and relative body composition were similar between groups. Bone age, measured in SD units, was more advanced in the ELBW group (0.86 vs. 0.42},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10799376,

title = {Energy expenditure and free-living physical activity in black and white women: comparison before and after weight loss},

author = {R L Weinsier and G R Hunter and P A Zuckerman and D T Redden and B E Darnell and D E Larson and B R Newcomer and M I Goran},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-05-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {71},

number = {5},

pages = {1138--1146},

abstract = {The prevalence of obesity is higher in black than in white women. Differences in energy economy and physical activity may contribute to this difference. The objective of this study was to compare free-living energy expenditure and physical activity in black and white women before and after weight loss. Participants were 18 white and 14 black women with body mass indexes (in kg/m(2)) between 27 and 30. Diet, without exercise, was used to achieve a weight loss of >/=10 kg and a body mass index <25. After 4 wk of energy balance in overweight and normal-weight states, body composition was assessed by using a 4-compartment model, sleeping and resting energy expenditures were assessed by using a chamber calorimeter, physiologic stress of exercise and exercise economy were measured by using standardized exercise tasks, and daily energy expenditure was assessed by using doubly labeled water. Weight loss averaged 12.8 kg. Sleeping and resting energy expenditures decreased in proportion to changes in body composition. Weight reduction significantly improved physiologic capacity for exercise in both groups of women, making it easier for them to be physically active. Black women had lower body composition-adjusted energy requirements than did white women-both before and after weight loss-during sleep (9% lower, 519 kJ/d; P < 0.001), at rest (14% lower, 879 kJ/d; P < 0.001), during exercise (6% lower; P < 0. 05), and as a daily total (9% lower, 862 kJ/d; P < 0.06). By contrast, free-living physical activity was similar between the groups. Weight-reduced women had metabolic rates appropriate for their body sizes. Black women had lower resting and nonresting energy requirements in both overweight and normal-weight states than did white women and did not compensate with greater physical activity, potentially predisposing them to greater weight regain.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10793646,

title = {Energy metabolism and obesity},

author = {M I Goran},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-03-01},

journal = {Med. Clin. North Am.},

volume = {84},

number = {2},

pages = {347--362},

abstract = {Over the long-term, most adult humans are able to maintain body energy stores through the process of energy balance, which regulates how much energy is consumed to match how much energy is expended. Energy expenditure is required for resting metabolic rate to maintain basic physiologic functions (e.g., heart beat, muscle function, respiration) and metabolize, digest, and store food that is consumed as well as for physical activity. Resting metabolic rate is the largest component of daily energy expenditure, and physical activity-related energy expenditure is the most variable. Cross-sectional studies in children and adults have shown that energy expenditure, including physical activity-related energy expenditure, are similar in lean versus obese subjects, especially after controlling for differences in body composition. A major limitation for most studies that have examined the role of energy expenditure in the cause of obesity is their cross-sectional design. Some longitudinal studies support the idea that reduced energy expenditure is a risk factor for the development of obesity, but most do not. There are several possibilities that could account for such discrepant findings. First, the ambiguous findings in the literature might be explained by the possibility that differences in energy expenditure and physical activity and their impact on the development of obesity are different at the various stages of maturation. Second, there could be individual differences in the impact of altered energy expenditure on the regulation of energy balance. The impact of energy expenditure on the cause of obesity could vary among different subgroups of the population (e.g., boys versus girls and different ethnic groups) and could have a differential effect within individuals at different stages of development. A specific example is the lower energy expenditure in Pima Indians, which predisposes to increased risk of obesity. It remains to be seen whether the lower metabolic rates that have been observed in African-Americans will relate to subsequent weight gain. It is conceivable that susceptible individuals fail to compensate for periodic fluctuations in energy expenditure. Third, given that obesity can arise as a result of a small energy balance over time, it is unlikely that existing techniques are capable of measuring such small differences. Finally, it can be argued that a focus on energy metabolism as a possible explanation of obesity is unlikely to yield interesting information because of the wide range in energy expenditure in the population even after adjusting for body composition. The major dependent variable that needs to be examined in relation to the cause of obesity is not energy expenditure but change in energy balance over time and the ability to regulate body energy stores. Given that the sudden change in obesity prevalence has occurred during a time of rapid environmental and cultural changes, additional focus on the behavioral and environmental effects on regulation of energy balance is warranted.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10702180,

title = {Paternal body fat is a longitudinal predictor of changes in body fat in premenarcheal girls},

author = {R Figueroa-Colon and R B Arani and M I Goran and R L Weinsier},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-03-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {71},

number = {3},

pages = {829--834},

abstract = {Longitudinal studies in infants and children suggest that low total energy expenditure (EE) (TEE) and parental body composition are important predisposing factors to obesity. The aim of this study was to examine potential predictors of changes in total or percentage body fat over 2.7 y in premenarcheal girls. We studied 47 normal-weight prepubertal girls aged 4.8-8.9 y in 3 visits. The girls' age, total and percentage body fat at baseline, sleep EE (SEE) and activity-related EE (AEE) adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM) and total body fat, mothers' and fathers' total and percentage body fat and FFM at baseline, and time to follow-up visits were measured; 24-h EE and SEE were measured by whole-room indirect calorimetry. AEE was calculated as TEE minus (SEE + 0.1 TEE), with the assumption that the thermic effect of food was 10% of TEE. The girls' body composition was measured at each visit and that of the parents was measured at the time of the girls' enrollment by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. From baseline to the first (mean: 1.6 y) and the second (mean: 2.7 y) follow-up visits, the girls' mean (+/-SD) change in total fat adjusted for FFM was 1.2 +/- 2.7 and 3.3 +/- 4.0 kg, respectively, and the mean change in percentage body fat was -2.0 +/- 5.0% and -0. 8 +/- 5.9%, respectively. Fathers' total and percentage body fat were the main predictors of changes in the girls' total and percentage body fat. For the first follow-up visit, SEE, girls' age at baseline, and AEE were significant predictors of percentage body fat. Fathers' total and percentage body fat were predictors of changes in body fat of premenarcheal girls during a 2. 7-y period.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10702165,

title = {Role of dietary factors in ethnic differences in early risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes},

author = {C H Lindquist and B A Gower and M I Goran},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-03-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {71},

number = {3},

pages = {725--732},

abstract = {The disparity in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes between African Americans and whites has been well established, and ethnic differences in several risk factors for these diseases are evident in childhood. The current study explored whether dietary factors explain ethnic differences in serum lipids and insulin profiles in children, independent of body composition and social class background. The sample included 95 African American and white children (mean age: 10.0 y). Macronutrient and food group intakes were derived from three 24-h recalls. Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes risk were determined on the basis of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, insulin sensitivity (S(i)), and acute insulin response (AIR). Data were analyzed by using t tests, analysis of covariance, and multiple regression. African American children had lower triacylglycerol (P < 0.01), lower S(i) (P < 0.001), and higher AIR (P < 0.001) than whites. Intake of fruit and vegetables was significantly higher, and dairy intake lower, in African American than in white children after adjustment for social class and total energy intake. Several direct relations were observed between diet and insulin action: carbohydrate and fruit intakes were positively associated with S(i) (P = 0.02), and vegetable intake was negatively associated with AIR (P = 0.01). However, neither macronutrient nor food group intake accounted for the ethnic differences in triacylglycerol and AIR. The African American children in our sample showed a greater disease risk than did the white children, even after body composition, social class background, and dietary patterns were adjusted for.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10702771,

title = {Validation of the BOĐ POĐ with hydrostatic weighing: influence of body clothing},

author = {D A Fields and G R Hunter and M I Goran},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-02-01},

journal = {Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.},

volume = {24},

number = {2},

pages = {200--205},

abstract = {Whole body air-displacement plethysmography (BOD POD), a new body composition technique, was validated against hydrodensitometry (UWW) in 67 women wearing a one-piece swimsuit (OP) who represent a wide range of body fatness and age. Additionally, the effect of trapped isothermic air in clothing while in the BOD POD was examined by comparing different clothing schemes (a one-piece swimsuit (OP), two-piece swimsuit (TP), a hospital gown (HG), and a hospital gown previously included in a volume calibration (GC)) in a subset of 25 women. Cross-sectional data analysis. 67 healthy Caucasian females. Body density g/cm3 (Db) by BOD POD and UWW. In 67 females UWW Db (1.030+/-0.020 g/cm3) was higher (P<0.01) than BOD POD Db (1. 028+/-0.020 g/cm3). This is a difference of 1.0% fat. The R2 was 0. 94, SEE was 0.005 g/cm3 and the regression between Db by UWW and BOD POB did not significantly deviate from the line of identity. In the subset group of 25 subjects, OP Db (1.040+/-0.014 g/cm3) and TP Db (1.040+/-0.014 g/cm3) were significantly lower (P<0.01) than UWW Db (1.044+/-0.014 g/cm3) or a difference of 1.9% fat. The R2 was 0.86 and the SEE was 0.005 g/cm3 and the regression between Db by UWW and both OP and TP did not significantly deviate from the line of identity. HG Db (1.056+/-0.016 g/cm3) and GC Db (1.037+/-0.016 g/cm3) were significantly different (P<0.01) from UWW Db (1.044+/-0. 014 g/cm3). This difference in density translates to a difference of 5.5% and 3.2% fat respectively. The regression between Db by UWW and both HG and GC significantly deviated from the line of identity. This study supports the use of the BOD POD as a substitute for UWW. However, caution should be made in using the BOD POD if subjects are clothed in anything other than a tight fitting swimsuit.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10648264,

title = {Racial differences in energy expenditure and aerobic fitness in premenopausal women},

author = {G R Hunter and R L Weinsier and B E Darnell and P A Zuckerman and M I Goran},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-02-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {71},

number = {2},

pages = {500--506},

abstract = {Aerobic fitness, or maximal oxygen uptake (f1.gif" BORDER="0">O(2)max), and energy expenditure (EE) may be lower in African Americans than in whites. The objective of this study was to compare sleeping EE (SEE), resting EE (REE), free-living total EE (TEE), and f1.gif" BORDER="0">O(2)max in African American and white women after adjustment for body composition and free-living activity-related energy expenditure (AEE). Eighteen African American and 17 white premenopausal women were matched for weight, percentage body fat, and age. SEE and REE were measured in a room calorimeter and f1.gif" BORDER="0">O(2)max was measured on a treadmill. Fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) (4-compartment model), AEE (doubly labeled water and SEE), and regional lean tissue (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were used as adjustment variables in SEE, REE, TEE, and f1.gif" BORDER="0">O(2)max comparisons. The African American women had significantly more limb lean tissue and significantly less trunk lean tissue than did the white women. The African American women also had significantly lower SEE (6.9%), REE (7.5%), TEE (9.6%), and f1.gif" BORDER="0">O(2)max (13.4%) than did the white women. Racial differences persisted after adjustment for f1.gif" BORDER="0">O(2)max, AEE, FFM, and limb lean tissue but disappeared after adjustment for trunk lean tissue. The f1.gif" BORDER="0">O(2)max difference was independent of all body-composition variables and of AEE. African American women had lower aerobic fitness than did white women, independent of differences in lean tissue or AEE. Diminished racial differences in SEE, REE, and TEE after adjustment for trunk lean tissue suggest that low EE in African American women is mediated by low volumes of metabolically active organ mass.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10636978,

title = {Total and resting energy expenditure in children with sickle cell disease},

author = {E M Barden and B S Zemel and D A Kawchak and M I Goran and K Ohene-Frempong and V A Stallings},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr.},

volume = {136},

number = {1},

pages = {73--79},

abstract = {To investigate energy balance in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) as the possible cause of impaired growth and undernutrition. Growth, resting (REE), total (TEE), and activity-related (AEE) energy expenditure and dietary intake were examined in 36 African American children with SCD (20 girls and 16 boys) and 30 control subjects (15 girls and 15 boys) of similar age (mean, 11.2 years) and ethnicity. TEE was measured by means of the doubly labeled water technique and REE by indirect calorimetry. AEE was calculated as TEE minus REE. Fat free mass (FFM) was calculated from skinfold prediction equations. REE was significantly increased (131 kcal/d) in children with SCD (P =.001), after adjusting for sex and FFM. Children with SCD tended to have lower TEE (214 kcal/d) than control subjects, but there was no difference after adjusting for FFM and sex (P =.57). Children with SCD had significantly (P =.025) lower AEE (268 kcal/d) but only marginally (P =.08) lower AEE after adjusting for FFM and sex. The elevated REE and lower AEE, in combination with poor growth status, indicate chronic energy deficiency in children with SCD. Further studies are needed to determine the best approaches to the treatment and prevention of undernutrition in children with SCD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11068956,

title = {Racial differences in insulin secretion and sensitivity in prepubertal children: role of physical fitness and physical activity},

author = {C Y Ku and B A Gower and G R Hunter and M I Goran},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-00-01},

journal = {Obes. Res.},

volume = {8},

number = {7},

pages = {506--515},

abstract = {To investigate in prepubertal children whether physical fitness and/or physical activity are: 1) associated with insulin secretion and sensitivity and 2) account for racial differences in insulin secretion and sensitivity. Subjects included 34 African American and 34 white nondiabetic children aged 5 to 11 years. Data were divided into two sets according to the availability of VO2max and physical activity data. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and intra-abdominal adipose tissue were examined by computed tomography. Insulin sensitivity (S1) and acute insulin response (AIR) were determined by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. An all-out, progressive treadmill exercise test was used for measuring VO2max. Physical activity data were collected by questionnaire. African American children had lower SI and higher AIR than white children, after adjusting for total body fat mass. African Americans reported higher levels of physical activity (hours/wk) than whites, but had a lower VO2max. In multiple linear regression analysis, hours/wk of activity and hours/wk of vigorous activity, but not moderate activity, were independently related to SI and AIR after adjusting for race, total body fat mass or fat distribution, and total lean tissue mass. VO2max was not related to AIR, and was inversely related to SI, after adjusting for body composition. Race remained significantly associated with both SI and AIR, even after adjusting for body composition, fat distribution, and hours/wk of activity or hours/wk of vigorous activity. In summary, overall physical activity and, especially, vigorous activity were associated with insulin secretion and sensitivity. However, neither physical activity nor VO2max explained the racial difference in insulin secretion (higher in African Americans) and sensitivity (lower in African Americans). Thus, racial (African American to white) differences in aspects of insulin action seem to be due to factors other than body composition, fat distribution, cardiovascular fitness, and amount of physical activity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11061556,

title = {Early identification of children predisposed to low peak bone mass and osteoporosis later in life},

author = {M L Loro and J Sayre and T F Roe and M I Goran and F R Kaufman and V Gilsanz},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-00-01},

journal = {J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.},

volume = {85},

number = {10},

pages = {3908--3918},

abstract = {The amount of bone that is gained during adolescence is the main contributor to peak bone mass, which, in turn, is a major determinant of osteoporosis and fracture risk in the elderly. We examined whether computed tomography measurements for the density and the volume of bone in the axial and the appendicular skeletons could be tracked through puberty in 40 healthy white children (20 girls and 20 boys). Longitudinal measurements of the cross-sectional area and cancellous bone density of the vertebral bodies and the cross-sectional and cortical bone areas of the femurs at the beginning of puberty accounted for 62-92% of the variations seen at sexual maturity; on average, 3 yr later. When baseline values for these bone traits were divided into quartiles, a linear relation across Tanner stages of sexual development was observed for each quartile in both girls and boys. The regression lines differed among quartiles for each trait, paralleled each other, and did not overlap. Thus, we are now in a position to identify those children who are genetically prone to develop low values for peak bone mass and toward whom osteoporosis prevention trials should be geared.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11015545,

title = {Aerobic fitness, not energy expenditure, influences subsequent increase in adiposity in black and white children},

author = {M S Johnson and R Figueroa-Colon and S L Herd and D A Fields and M Sun and G R Hunter and M I Goran},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-00-01},

journal = {Pediatrics},

volume = {106},

number = {4},

pages = {E50},

abstract = {Low levels of energy expenditure and aerobic fitness have been hypothesized to be risk factors for obesity. Longitudinal studies to determine whether energy expenditure influences weight gain in whites have provided conflicting results. To date, no studies have examined this relationship in blacks or whether aerobic fitness influences weight gain in white or black children. One hundred fifteen children, 72 white (55 girls and 17 boys) and 43 black (24 girls and 19 boys) were recruited for this study. Aerobic fitness, resting, total, and activity-related energy expenditure and body composition were measured at baseline. The children returned annually for 3 to 5 repeated measures of body composition. The influence of the initial measures of energy expenditure and fitness on the subsequent rate of increase in adiposity was examined, adjusting for initial body composition, age, ethnicity, gender, and Tanner stage. Because 20 children did not attain maximum oxygen consumption, the sample size for the combined analysis was 95. Initial fat mass was the main predictor of increasing adiposity in this cohort of children, with greater initial fat predicting a higher rate of increase of adiposity. There was also a significant negative relationship between aerobic fitness and the rate of increasing adiposity (F(1,82) = 3.92). With every increase of.1 L/minute of fitness, there was a decrease of.081 kg fat per kg of lean mass gained. None of the measures of energy expenditure significantly predicted increasing adiposity in white or black children. Initial fat mass was the dominant factor influencing increasing adiposity; however, aerobic fitness was also a significant independent predictor of increasing adiposity in this cohort of children. Resting, total, or activity-related energy expenditure did not predict increasing adiposity. It seems that aerobic fitness may be more important than absolute energy expenditure in the development of obesity in white or black children. energy expenditure, fitness, longitudinal, obesity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11010958,

title = {Physiologically meaningful biological models},

author = {M I Goran},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-00-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {72},

number = {4},

pages = {1063},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10968734,

title = {Role of environmental vs. metabolic factors in the etiology of obesity: time to focus on the environment},

author = {M I Goran and R L Weinsier},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-00-01},

journal = {Obes. Res.},

volume = {8},

number = {5},

pages = {407--409},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10926645,

title = {Body composition techniques and the four-compartment model in children},

author = {D A Fields and M I Goran},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-00-01},

journal = {J. Appl. Physiol.},

volume = {89},

number = {2},

pages = {613--620},

abstract = {The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy, precision, and bias of fat mass (FM) as assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), hydrostatic weighing (HW), air-displacement plethysmography (PM) using the BOD POD body composition system and total body water (TBW) against the four-compartment (4C) model in 25 children (11.4 +/- 1.4 yr). The regression between FM by the 4C model and by DXA deviated significantly from the line of identity (FM by 4C model = 0.84 x FM by DXA + 0.95 kg; R(2) = 0.95), as did the regression between FM by 4C model and by TBW (FM by 4C model = 0. 85 x FM by TBW - 0.89 kg; R(2) = 0.98). The regression between FM by the 4C model and by HW did not significantly deviate from the line of identity (FM by 4C model = 1.09 x FM by HW + 0.94 kg; R(2) = 0. 95) and neither did the regression between FM by 4C (using density assessed by PM) and by PM (FM by 4C model = 1.03 x FM by PM + 0.88; R(2) = 0.97). DXA, HW, and TBW all showed a bias in the estimate of FM, but there was no bias for PM. In conclusion, PM was the only technique that could accurately, precisely, and without bias estimate FM in 9- to 14-yr-old children.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10776908,

title = {Reliability of treadmill measures and criteria to determine VO2max in prepubertal girls},

author = {R Figueroa-Colon and G R Hunter and M S Mayo and R A Aldridge and M I Goran and R L Weinsier},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-00-01},

journal = {Med Sci Sports Exerc},

volume = {32},

number = {4},

pages = {865--869},

abstract = {The main objective of this study was to determine the reliability of measuring treadmill exercise economy (VO2submax) and the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in prepubertal girls tested twice, 6 wk apart. We also wanted to examine the percentage of young girls who were able to reach the criteria for achieving VO2max and to describe methods that would allow a high proportion of young children to achieve criteria for reaching a true VO2max. We studied 61 normal-weight, prepubertal girls with a mean (+/- SD) age 7.3+/-1.3 yr (range 4.8 to 10.3 yr). VO2submax was determined while walking for 4 min at 2.5 mph with 0% grade. VO2max was measured during a progressive, all-out, continuous treadmill test using standardized procedures and criteria. Heart rate (HR) was measured using a Polar monitor. Respiratory rate (RR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), ventilation (V), and VO2 were measured using a Sensormedics metabolic monitor. There were no significant differences between visits I and 2 in mean HR, RR, RER, V, VO2submax (421 vs 422 mL x min(-1), respectively), and VO2max (1036 vs 1049 mL x min(-1), respectively). Intra-individual coefficients of variation (CV) between visits 1 and 2 for submaximal tests were: HR = 5.1%},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10643691,

title = {Do hormonal indices of maturation explain energy expenditure differences in African American and Caucasian prepubertal children?},

author = {M Sun and B A Gower and T R Nagy and A A Bartolucci and M I Goran},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-12-01},

journal = {Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.},

volume = {23},

number = {12},

pages = {1320--1326},

abstract = {To examine the relationships between hormonal indices of maturation and total, resting and physical activity-related energy expenditure (TEE, REE and AEE) in African American and Caucasian prepubertal children. Cross-sectional study. Sixty-four African American and 48 Caucasian prepubertal children. TEE (by doubly labeled water), REE (by indirect calorimetry), fat mass and fat-free mass (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), fasting serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione, and estrone-sulfate (by radioimmunoassay). Serum concentrations of hormones correlated significantly with REE and TEE (r values range from 0.33 to 0.76, P<0.001). Only androstenedione correlated significantly with AEE (r = 0.23, P<0.05). However, these correlations were no longer significant after adjusting energy expenditure components for fat-free mass. In multiple regression models, ethnicity was not a significant determinant of any energy expenditure component after adjusting for body composition and hormone concentrations. Hormonal indices of maturation do not influence energy expenditure in this group of African American and Caucasian prepubertal children.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11533942,

title = {Fat distribution during childhood and adolescence: Implications for later health outcome},

author = {M I Goran and R M Malina},

doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(1999)11:2<187::AID-AJHB6>3.0.CO;2-4},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-07-10},

journal = {Am J Hum Biol.},

volume = {11},

number = {2},

pages = {187-188},

keywords = {fat distribution},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10419419,

title = {Relation between visceral fat and disease risk in children and adolescents},

author = {M I Goran and B A Gower},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-07-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {70},

number = {1},

pages = {149S-56S},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid10193870,

title = {Predicting body composition from anthropometry in pre-adolescent children},

author = {C V Dezenberg and T R Nagy and B A Gower and R Johnson and M I Goran},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-03-01},

journal = {Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.},

volume = {23},

number = {3},

pages = {253--259},

abstract = {The objectives of this paper were to: a) evaluate the accuracy and precision of previously published pediatric body composition prediction equations and b) develop additional prediction equations from a large, heterogeneous group of Caucasian (n = 133) and African-American (n = 69) children. The combined cohort of 202 children included a wide range of ages (4.0-10.9 y), weights (14.0-70.8 kg), fat mass (FM: 1.2-28.5 kg) and percent body fat (% body fat: 6.2-49.6%). Skinfold measurements were obtained using a Lange caliper and body fat was measured with a Lunar DPX-L densitometer. The previously published equations of Slaughter et al and Goran et al did not accurately predict body fat. The entire cohort was randomly divided into two sub-groups for purposes of deriving and cross-validating a new prediction equation. In stepwise regression analysis in the development group (n = 135), weight, triceps skinfold, gender, ethnicity and abdominal skinfold estimated FM measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) with a model R2 of 0.95. The new prediction equation was cross-validated in the control group (n = 67) and each ethnic and gender subgroup. We conclude that a) the equations of Slaughter et al and Goran et al did not accurately predict FM in a heterogeneous group of children and b) a new anthropometric prediction equation is proposed that may provide accurate estimates of FM in both Caucasian and African-American children aged 4-10 y with a wide range of FM and body composition.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid11533944,

title = {Visceral fat in prepubertal children: Influence of obesity, anthropometry, ethnicity, gender, diet, and growth},

author = {M I Goran},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Am J Hum Biol.},

volume = {11},

number = {2},

pages = {201--207},

abstract = {Visceral fat, or intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) lies deep within the abdominal cavity and can only be directly quantified with imaging techniques. IAAT has been detected in children as young as 5 years of age. IAAT generally increases in proportion with general fatness, but the relationship between IAAT and total body fat is complex; in children, a major portion of the variance in IAAT is independent of total body fat. The waist-to-hip ratio and the trunk:extremity skinfold ratio are not good indices of IAAT in children, and central skinfolds and waist circumference alone are highly correlated with IAAT as well as subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (r = 0.85-0.92). African-American children have less IAAT than Caucasian children, and gender differences in IAAT become more apparent after adolescence. Preliminary evidence in children suggests that IAAT may have a stronger influence on cardiovascular risk factors than dietary fat intake. Preliminary evidence in children also suggests that acquisition of IAAT during growth is a linear process that occurs in proportion to general increases in body fat. The study of the regulation of IAAT acquisition during childhood development and its relationship with long-term disease risk is in its early infancy and further studies are required. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 11:201-207, 1999. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}