@article{pmid21293446,

title = {Randomized controlled trial to improve adiposity, inflammation, and insulin resistance in obese African-American and Latino youth},

author = {R E Hasson and T C Adam and J N Davis and L A Kelly and E E Ventura and C E Byrd-Williams and C M Toledo-Corral and C K Roberts and C J Lane and S P Azen and C P Chou and D Spruijt-Metz and M J Weigensberg and K Berhane and M I Goran},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-00-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {20},

number = {4},

pages = {811--818},

abstract = {The purpose of this study was to examine ethnic differences in the metabolic responses to a 16-week intervention designed to improve insulin sensitivity (SI), adiposity, and inflammation in obese African-American and Latino adolescents. A total of 100 participants (African Americans: n = 48, Latino: n = 52; age: 15.4 ± 1.1 years, BMI percentile: 97.3 ± 3.3) were randomly assigned to interventions: control (C; n = 30), nutrition (N; n = 39, 1×/week focused on decreasing sugar and increasing fiber intake), or nutrition + strength training (N+ST; n = 31, 2×/week). The following were measured at pre- and postintervention: strength, dietary intake, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry/magnetic resonance imaging) and glucose/insulin indexes (oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)/intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT)) and inflammatory markers. Overall, N compared to C and N+ST reported significant improvements in SI (+16.5% vs. -32.3% vs. -6.9% respectively, P < 0.01) and disposition index (DI: +15.5% vs. -14.2% vs. -13.7% respectively, P < 0.01). N+ST compared to C and N reported significant reductions in hepatic fat fraction (HFF: -27.3% vs. -4.3% vs. 0% respectively, P < 0.01). Compared to N, N+ST reported reductions in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) (-38.3% vs. +1.0%, P < 0.01) and resistin (-18.7% vs. +11.3%},

keywords = {diabetes risk, trial},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21552153,

title = {Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and the metabolic syndrome in minority youth},

author = {Y W Hsu and B R Belcher and E E Ventura and C E Byrd-Williams and M J Weigensberg and J N Davis and A D McClain and M I Goran and D Spruijt-Metz},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-12-01},

journal = {Med Sci Sports Exerc},

volume = {43},

number = {12},

pages = {2307--2313},

abstract = {This study aimed to determine the associations among physical activity, sedentary behavior, and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Latino and African American youth using both subjective and objective measures of activity levels. Cross-sectional data from 105 participants from three pediatric obesity studies that share a core set of methods and measures (Latino 74%, female 75%, mean age = 13 ± 3 yr) were used. Measures included moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior by accelerometry and 3-Day Physical Activity Recall (3DPAR), fat and lean tissue mass by BodPodâ„¢, fasting glucose, lipids, blood pressure, and waist circumference. Associations between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and MetS were examined using ANCOVA, Pearson correlations, partial correlations, and logistic regressions with adjustments for age, sex, ethnicity, fat and lean mass, and pubertal Tanner stage. Accelerometry data showed that greater time engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was related to lower odds of the MetS (odds ratio = 0.49, 95% confidence interval = 0.25-0.98), independent of sedentary behavior and covariates, and inversely correlated with fasting glucose (r = -0.21},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22025778,

title = {Subcutaneous adipose tissue macrophage infiltration is associated with hepatic and visceral fat deposition, hyperinsulinemia, and stimulation of NF-κB stress pathway},

author = {K A Lê and S Mahurkar and T L Alderete and R E Hasson and T C Adam and J S Kim and E Beale and C Xie and A S Greenberg and H Allayee and M I Goran},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-11-01},

journal = {Diabetes},

volume = {60},

number = {11},

pages = {2802--2809},

abstract = {To examine in obese young adults the influence of ethnicity and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) inflammation on hepatic fat fraction (HFF), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) deposition, insulin sensitivity (SI), β-cell function, and SAT gene expression. SAT biopsies were obtained from 36 obese young adults (20 Hispanics, 16 African Americans) to measure crown-like structures (CLS), reflecting SAT inflammation. SAT, VAT, and HFF were measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and SI and β-cell function (disposition index [DI]) were measured by intravenous glucose tolerance test. SAT gene expression was assessed using Illumina microarrays. Participants with CLS in SAT (n = 16) were similar to those without CLS in terms of ethnicity, sex, and total body fat. Individuals with CLS had greater VAT (3.7 ± 1.3 vs. 2.6 ± 1.6 L; P = 0.04), HFF (9.9 ± 7.3 vs. 5.8 ± 4.4%; P = 0.03), tumor necrosis factor-α (20.8 ± 4.8 vs. 16.2 ± 5.8 pg/mL; P = 0.01), fasting insulin (20.9 ± 10.6 vs. 9.7 ± 6.6 mU/mL; P < 0.001) and glucose (94.4 ± 9.3 vs. 86.8 ± 5.3 mg/dL; P = 0.005), and lower DI (1,559 ± 984 vs. 2,024 ± 829 × 10(-4) min(-1); P = 0.03). Individuals with CLS in SAT exhibited upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and monocyte antigen CD14 genes, as well as several other genes belonging to the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) stress pathway. Adipose tissue inflammation was equally distributed between sexes and ethnicities. It was associated with partitioning of fat toward VAT and the liver and altered β-cell function, independent of total adiposity. Several genes belonging to the NF-κB stress pathway were upregulated, suggesting stimulation of proinflammatory mediators.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21502883,

title = {Startup circuit training program reduces metabolic risk in Latino adolescents},

author = {J N Davis and L E Gyllenhammer and A A Vanni and M Meija and A Tung and E T Schroeder and D Spruijt-Metz and M I Goran},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-11-01},

journal = {Med Sci Sports Exerc},

volume = {43},

number = {11},

pages = {2195--2203},

abstract = {This study aimed to test the effects of a circuit training (CT; aerobic + strength training) program, with and without motivational interviewing (MI) behavioral therapy, on reducing adiposity and type 2 diabetes risk factors in Latina teenagers. Thirty-eight Latina adolescents (15.8 ± 1.1 yr) who are overweight/obese were randomly assigned to control (C; n = 12), CT (n = 14), or CT + MI (n = 12). The CT classes were held twice a week (60-90 min) for 16 wk. The CT + MI group also received individual or group MI sessions every other week. The following were measured before and after intervention: strength by one-repetition maximum; cardiorespiratory fitness (V·O 2max) by submaximal treadmill test; physical activity by accelerometry; dietary intake by records; height, weight, waist circumference; total body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and hepatic fat fraction by magnetic resonance imaging; and glucose/insulin indices by fasting blood draw. Across-intervention group effects were tested using repeated-measures ANOVA with post hoc pairwise comparisons. CT and CT + MI participants, compared with controls, significantly increased fitness (+16% and +15% vs -6%},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22654546,

title = {One-on-one lifestyle coaching for managing adolescent obesity: Findings from a pilot, randomized controlled trial in a real-world, clinical setting},

author = {G D Ball and K A Mackenzie-Rife and M S Newton and C A Alloway and J M Slack and R C Plotnikoff and M I Goran},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-06-01},

journal = {Paediatr Child Health},

volume = {16},

number = {6},

pages = {345--350},

abstract = {Interventions for obese adolescents in real-world, clinical settings need to be evaluated because most weight management care occurs in this context. To determine whether a lifestyle intervention that includes motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy (Health Initiatives Program [HIP]) leads to weight management that is superior to a similar lifestyle intervention (Youth Lifestyle Program [YLP]) that does not include these techniques; and to determine whether the HIP and YLP interventions are superior to a wait list control (WLC) group. Obese adolescents were randomly assigned to a YLP (n=15), HIP (n=17) or WLC (n=14) group. The YLP and HIP were 16-session, one-on-one interventions. The primary outcome was the percentage change of body mass index z-score. Completers-only analyses revealed 3.9% (YLP) and 6.5% (HIP) decreases in the percentage change of body mass index z-score compared with a 0.8% (WLC) increase (P<0.001). Levels of attrition did not differ among groups, but were relatively high (approximately 20% to 40%). Lifestyle interventions delivered in a real-world, clinical setting led to short-term improvements in the obesity status of adolescents.},

keywords = {pediatric obesity, trial},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21238987,

title = {Subclinical atherosclerosis in Latino youth: progression of carotid intima-media thickness and its relationship to cardiometabolic risk factors},

author = {C M Toledo-Corral and J N Davis and T L Alderete and M J Weigensberg and C T Ayala and Y Li and H N Hodis and M I Goran},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-06-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr.},

volume = {158},

number = {6},

pages = {935--940},

abstract = {To assess carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) change over 2 years in overweight Latino adolescents and examine its relationship to cardiometabolic risk. Seventy-two healthy overweight male and female Latino adolescents (mean age, 14.5 ± 1.7 years; mean body mass index, 31.5 ± 6.9 kg/m(2)) were evaluated at baseline and 2 years later for CIMT by high-resolution B-mode ultrasound, the metabolic syndrome and its features, body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging, glucose/insulin measures by fasting blood, and oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Baseline CIMT did not differ from 2-year follow-up; however, 38 participants increased CIMT (0.017 ± 0.003 mm; +2.8%) and 34 decreased or remained the same (-0.019 ± 0.002 mm; -3.1%). ANCOVA analyses showed that participants with CIMT progression had higher baseline low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and total cholesterol (91.3 ± 3.4 and 150.3 ± 3.9 mg/dL) compared with those with CIMT non-progression (78.1 ± 3.6 and 135.6 ± 4.2 mg/dL, P < .05), independent of sex, baseline CIMT, age, and height. In multivariate regression, LDL-cholesterol was the sole predictor of CIMT progression, but the effect was small (odds of CIMT progression increased by 3% for each 1 mg/dL higher baseline LDL-cholesterol; 95% CI, 1.004 to 1.006},

keywords = {diabetes risk, ectopic fat, IMT},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21070095,

title = {Improving insulin resistance in obese youth: choose your measures wisely},

author = {G Q Shaibi and J N Davis and M J Weigensberg and M I Goran},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-06-01},

journal = {Int J Pediatr Obes},

volume = {6},

number = {2-2},

pages = {e290--296},

abstract = {The purpose of this investigation was to compare the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) to more direct measures of insulin action before and after lifestyle interventions in obese Latino youth. Eleven obese Latino boys (age 15.1 ± 1.6 years, body mass index (BMI) percentile 97.3 ± 3.5%) and twenty obese Latina girls (age 14.7 ± 1.8 years, BMI percentile 96.6 ± 3.6%) participated in two distinct lifestyle interventions. Boys participated in a 16-week exercise intervention and girls participated in a 12-week nutrition education program. Insulin sensitivity was determined by the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT) in boys and by a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test with multiple sampling calculations for the whole-body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI) in girls. HOMA-IR was measured for both groups. HOMA-IR was correlated at baseline to the FSIVGTT (r = -0.57},

keywords = {methods},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21348916,

title = {Assessment of abdominal adipose tissue and organ fat content by magnetic resonance imaging},

author = {H H Hu and K S Nayak and M I Goran},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-05-01},

journal = {Obes Rev},

volume = {12},

number = {5},

pages = {e504--515},

abstract = {As the prevalence of obesity continues to rise, rapid and accurate tools for assessing abdominal body and organ fat quantity and distribution are critically needed to assist researchers investigating therapeutic and preventive measures against obesity and its comorbidities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most promising modality to address such need. It is non-invasive, utilizes no ionizing radiation, provides unmatched 3-D visualization, is repeatable, and is applicable to subject cohorts of all ages. This article is aimed to provide the reader with an overview of current and state-of-the-art techniques in MRI and associated image analysis methods for fat quantification. The principles underlying traditional approaches such as T(1) -weighted imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as more modern chemical-shift imaging techniques are discussed and compared. The benefits of contiguous 3-D acquisitions over 2-D multislice approaches are highlighted. Typical post-processing procedures for extracting adipose tissue depot volumes and percent organ fat content from abdominal MRI data sets are explained. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of each MRI approach with respect to imaging parameters, spatial resolution, subject motion, scan time and appropriate fat quantitative endpoints are also provided. Practical considerations in implementing these methods are also presented.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20885383,

title = {Relationships between IGF-1 and IGFBP-1 and adiposity in obese African-American and Latino adolescents},

author = {TL Alderete and CE Byrd-Williams and CM Toledo-Corral and DV Conti and MJ Weigensberg and MI Goran},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-05-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {19},

number = {5},

pages = {933--938},

abstract = {The purpose of this study was to examine interrelationships between insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), and adiposity in 49 African-American and 77 Latino obese adolescents (15.3 ± 0.1 and 15.4 ± 0.2 years; BMI: 33.0 ± 0.7 and 35.0 ± 1.0 kg/m(2), respectively). Immunoradiometric assays were used to measure IGF-1, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-3. Total fat and soft lean tissue were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. IGF-1 levels were 23.1% higher and IGFBP-1 were 40.4% higher in African Americans compared to Latinos after adjustment for total lean and total fat mass. IGF-1 and IGFBP-1 were inversely correlated with BMI, total fat mass, VAT, and HFF (r = -0.20 to -0.33, P < 0.05) while IGFBP-1 was inversely correlated with SAAT (r = -0.22, P < 0.05). These relationships did not differ by ethnicity, however, the relationship between IGF-1 and SAAT, as well as IGFBP-1 and HFF, differed by ethnicity. Predicted mean IGF-1 levels were 30.7% higher for African Americans at the 75th compared to 25th percentile of SAAT and only 11.7% higher for Latinos. Predicted mean IGFBP-1 levels were 158% higher for African Americans at the 25th compared to the 75th percentile of HFF while IGFBP-1 levels were 1.7% higher for Latinos at the 75th compared to the 25th percentile. These results demonstrate that the relationship between IGF-1 and SAAT as well as IGFBP-1 and HFF are different in African-American and Latino adolescents and may contribute to the higher IGF-1 levels in African-Americans.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20888012,

title = {Pubertal changes of insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response, and β-cell function in overweight Latino youth},

author = {L A Kelly and C J Lane and M J Weigensberg and C M Toledo-Corral and M I Goran},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-03-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr.},

volume = {158},

number = {3},

pages = {442--446},

abstract = {To examine changes in insulin sensitivity (SI), compensatory acute insulin response (AIR), and β-cell function/disposition index (DI) across puberty in overweight Latino boys and girls. Latino children (n = 253) were followed annually for up to 5 years. Longitudinal modeling was used to examine changes in SI, AIR, DI, and fasting and 2-hour glucose and insulin across Tanner stage. In boys, SI decreased in early puberty with a recovery by late puberty. The compensatory increase in AIR was appropriate in early maturation, but after Tanner stage 3, AIR declined by more than that predicted from the recovery in SI. For girls, SI decreased in early puberty and across all stages of maturation. In early maturation, there was an appropriate compensatory increase in AIR, but after Tanner stage 3, AIR decreased. Thus, DI deteriorated across puberty in boys and girls. In overweight Hispanic youth, compensatory changes in insulin secretion fails after Tanner stage 3 in both sexes, indicating β-cell deterioration during this critical period of development, thus increasing risk for type 2 diabetes.},

keywords = {diabetes risk, puberty},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21270204,

title = {Ethnic differences in pancreatic fat accumulation and its relationship with other fat depots and inflammatory markers},

author = {K A Lê and E E Ventura and J Q Fisher and J N Davis and M J Weigensberg and M Punyanitya and H H Hu and K S Nayak and M I Goran},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-02-01},

journal = {Diabetes Care},

volume = {34},

number = {2},

pages = {485--490},

abstract = {Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and hepatic fat are associated with insulin resistance and vary by sex and ethnicity. Recently, pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) has also been linked with increasing obesity. Our aim was to assess ethnic and sex differences in PFF and its relationship to other fat depots, circulating free fatty acids (FFA), insulin secretion and sensitivity, and inflammation in obese adolescents and young adults. We examined 138 (40 males, 98 females) obese Hispanics and African Americans (13-25 years). Subcutaneous adipose tissue and VAT volumes, hepatic fat fraction (HFF), and PFF were determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were assessed during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Hispanics had higher PFF than African Americans (7.3 ± 3.8 vs. 6.2 ± 2.6%},

keywords = {diabetes risk, ectopic fat},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23204926,

title = {Quantification of Absolute Fat Mass by Magnetic Resonance Imaging: a Validation Study against Chemical Analysis},

author = {H H Hu and Y Li and T R Nagy and M I Goran and K S Nayak},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Int J Body Compos Res},

volume = {9},

number = {3},

pages = {111--122},

abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To develop a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based approach for quantifying absolute fat mass in organs, muscles, and adipose tissues, and to validate its accuracy against reference chemical analysis (CA). METHODS: Chemical-shift imaging can accurately decompose water and fat signals from the acquired MRI data. A proton density fat fraction (PDFF) can be computed from the separated images, and reflects the relative fat content on a voxel-by-voxel basis. The PDFF is mathematically closely related to the fat mass fraction and can be converted to absolute fat mass in grams by multiplying by the voxel volume and the mass density of fat. In this validation study, 97 freshly excised and unique samples from four pigs, comprising of organs, muscles, and adipose and lean tissues were imaged by MRI and then analyzed independently by CA. Linear regression was used to assess correlation, agreement, and measurement differences between MRI and CA. RESULTS: Considering all 97 samples, a strong correlation and agreement was obtained between MRI and CA-derived fat mass (slope = 1.01},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21751832,

title = {International journal of pediatric obesity: year in review 2010},

author = {M I Goran and E E Ventura},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-00-01},

journal = {Int J Pediatr Obes},

volume = {6},

number = {3-4},

pages = {163--168},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21357795,

title = {Fasting indicators of insulin sensitivity: effects of ethnicity and pubertal status},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-00-01},

journal = {Diabetes Care},

volume = {34},

number = {4},

pages = {994--999},

abstract = {To examine the relationship of fasting indicators of insulin sensitivity with a more invasive measure of insulin sensitivity (frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test [FSIVGTT]) and the effect of Tanner stage and ethnicity on that relationship. Data were analyzed from 149 overweight girls (97 Hispanic and 52 African American) who were either in the early stages of maturation defined by Tanner stages 1 or 2 (52 Hispanic and 18 African American) or in the later stages of maturation defined by Tanner stages 4 and 5 (45 Hispanic and 34 African American). Fasting indicators of insulin sensitivity (IS) included fasting insulin and glucose and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). IS was derived from an FSIVGTT with minimal modeling. In Tanner stages 1 and 2, all fasting indicators were significantly associated with IS: (fasting insulin: r = -0.67, P < 0.01; HOMA: r = -0.66, P < 0.01) with no significant influence of ethnicity on these relationships. In Tanner stages 4 and 5, however, all fasting indicators were associated with IS in African American girls (fasting insulin: r = -0.55, P < 0.01; HOMA: r = -0.47, P < 0.01), but none of the indicators were significantly associated with IS in Hispanic girls. Fasting indicators were reflective of IS for girls in Tanner stages 1 and 2, regardless of ethnicity and may provide a clinical measure of future risk for type 2 diabetes. In the latter stages of maturation, however, more invasive measures are warranted to adequately determine IS in clinical practice.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21332408,

title = {International Journal of Pediatric Obesity under new leadership: rapid response, fair reviews and global reach},

author = {M I Goran},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-00-01},

journal = {Int J Pediatr Obes},

volume = {6},

number = {2},

pages = {82},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20948525,

title = {Sugar content of popular sweetened beverages based on objective laboratory analysis: focus on fructose content},

author = {E E Ventura and J N Davis and M I Goran},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-00-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {19},

number = {4},

pages = {868--874},

abstract = {The consumption of fructose, largely in the form of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), has risen over the past several decades and is thought to contribute negatively to metabolic health. However, the fructose content of foods and beverages produced with HFCS is not disclosed and estimates of fructose content are based on the common assumption that the HFCS used contains 55% fructose. The objective of this study was to conduct an objective laboratory analysis of the sugar content and composition in popular sugar-sweetened beverages with a particular focus on fructose content. Twenty-three sugar-sweetened beverages along with four standard solutions were analyzed for sugar profiles using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in an independent, certified laboratory. Total sugar content was calculated as well as percent fructose in the beverages that use HFCS as the sole source of fructose. Results showed that the total sugar content of the beverages ranged from 85 to 128% of what was listed on the food label. The mean fructose content in the HFCS used was 59% (range 47-65%) and several major brands appear to be produced with HFCS that is 65% fructose. Finally, the sugar profile analyses detected forms of sugar that were inconsistent with what was listed on the food labels. This analysis revealed significant deviations in sugar amount and composition relative to disclosures from producers. In addition, the tendency for use of HFCS that is higher in fructose could be contributing to higher fructose consumption than would otherwise be assumed.},

keywords = {sugar},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20962157,

title = {Increased hepatic fat in overweight Hispanic youth influenced by interaction between genetic variation in PNPLA3 and high dietary carbohydrate and sugar consumption},

author = {J N Davis and K A Lê and R W Walker and S Vikman and D Spruijt-Metz and M J Weigensberg and H Allayee and M I Goran},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-12-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {92},

number = {6},

pages = {1522--1527},

abstract = {Recently, a genetic variant (rs738409; C→G) of the PNPLA3 gene was identified to be associated with increased hepatic fat deposition, and the effect was more pronounced in Hispanics. Animal models have also shown that PNPLA3 expression can be regulated by dietary carbohydrate. The aim of this study was to examine whether the influence of PNPLA3 genotype on hepatic fat is modulated by dietary factors in Hispanic children. PNPLA3 was genotyped in 153 Hispanic children (75% female, ages 8-18 y) by using the TaqMan method. Dietary intake was assessed by using three 24-h dietary recalls or diet records. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) were assessed in multiple abdominal slices by magnetic resonance imaging. Analysis of covariance was used to assess the diet × genotype interaction in liver fat, with the following a priori covariates: sex, age, energy, VAT, and SAAT. HFF was influenced by a significant interaction between genotype and diet (genotype × carbohydrate},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20852027,

title = {Effects of PNPLA3 on liver fat and metabolic profile in Hispanic children and adolescents},

author = {M I Goran and R Walker and K A Le and S Mahurkar and S Vikman and J N Davis and D Spruijt-Metz and M J Weigensberg and H Allayee},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-12-01},

journal = {Diabetes},

volume = {59},

number = {12},

pages = {3127--3130},

abstract = {A genome-wide study of adults identified a variant of PNPLA3 (rs738409) associated with ∼twofold higher liver fat. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of PNPLA3 genotype on liver fat and other related metabolic outcomes in obese Hispanic children and adolescents. Three hundred and twenty-seven Hispanics aged 8-18 years were genotyped for rs738409. One hundred and eighty-eight subjects had measures of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue volume and hepatic (HFF) and pancreatic (PFF) fat fraction by magnetic resonance imaging. One hundred and thirty-nine subjects did not have HFF measures but had extensive measures of insulin sensitivity and fasting lipids. Liver fat in GG subjects was 1.7 and 2.4 times higher than GC and CC (11.1 ± 0.8% in GG vs. 6.6 ± 0.7% in GC and 4.7 ± 0.9% in CC; P < 0.0001), and this effect was observed even in the youngest children (8-10 years of age). The variant was not associated with VAT, SAT, PFF, or insulin sensitivity or other glucose/insulin indexes. However, Hispanic children carrying the GG genotype had significantly lower HDL cholesterol (40.9 ± 10.9 in CC vs. 37.0 ± 8.3 in CG vs. 35.7 ± 7.4 in GG; P = 0.03) and a tendency toward lower free fatty acid levels (P = 0.06). These results provide new evidence that the effect of the PNPLA3 variant is apparent in Hispanic children and adolescents, is unique to fat deposition in liver as compared with other ectopic depots examined, and is associated with lower HDL cholesterol.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20150900,

title = {Tissue-specificity and ethnic diversity in obesity-related risk of cancer may be explained by variability in insulin response and insulin signaling pathways},

author = {J R Speakman and M I Goran},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-06-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {18},

number = {6},

pages = {1071--1078},

abstract = {Obesity is a predisposing risk factor for several chronic diseases. The link between obesity and cancer appears to be particularly complex. Notably only the risk for development of specific cancers appear to be affected. Moreover, the obesity-related risk of cancer is very different across ethnic groups. African-Americans appear particularly prone, whereas Hispanics appear to be relatively protected. Obesity is associated with increased levels of circulating insulin. These levels of elevated insulin may serve to promote proliferation of fat cells to accommodate the elevated nutrient flux. However, elevated levels of insulin may be a major mediating factor influencing cancer risk. This hypothesis alone cannot explain the complexity of the phenomenon. We suggest here that the different insulin responses to obesity of different ethnic groups may explain their different risk profiles. Moreover, we speculate that tissue-specific variations in the insulin signaling pathways may underlie their differential susceptibility to tumorigenesis in the face of elevated obesity. Elevated cancer risk may be an unwanted side effect of insulin responding to elevated nutrient flux in the obese which it serves to proliferate fat cells that provide a location for storage of ingested fat, which consequently prevents ectopic fat storage. Hence, while Hispanics may be protected from cancer risk in obesity because of their lower insulin response, they have an elevated risk of fatty liver disease. Reduction of insulin levels in obesity as a strategy to reduce cancer risk may pose additional problems unless it is combined also with interventions that aim to limit nutrient influx.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20432356,

title = {Identification of brown adipose tissue in mice with fat-water IĐEAL-MRI},

author = {H H Hu and D L Smith and K S Nayak and M I Goran and T R Nagy},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-05-01},

journal = {J Magn Reson Imaging},

volume = {31},

number = {5},

pages = {1195--1202},

abstract = {To investigate the feasibility of using IDEAL (Iterative Decomposition with Echo Asymmetry and Least squares estimation) fat-water imaging and the resultant fat fraction metric in detecting brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mice, and in differentiating BAT from white adipose tissue (WAT). Excised WAT and BAT samples and whole-mice carcasses were imaged with a rapid three-dimensional fat-water IDEAL-SPGR sequence on a 3 Tesla scanner using a single-channel wrist coil. An isotropic voxel size of 0.6 mm was used. Excised samples were also scanned with single-voxel proton spectroscopy. Fat fraction images from IDEAL were reconstructed online using research software, and regions of WAT and BAT were quantified. A broad fat fraction range for BAT was observed (40-80%), in comparison to a tighter and higher WAT range of 90-93%, in both excised tissue samples and in situ. Using the fat fraction metric, the interscapular BAT depot in each carcass could be clearly identified, as well as peri-renal and inguinal depots that exhibited a mixed BAT and WAT phenotype appearance. Due to BAT's multi-locular fat distribution and extensive mitochondrial, cytoplasm, and vascular supply, its fat content is significantly less than that of WAT. We have demonstrated that the fat fraction metric from IDEAL-MRI is a sensitive and quantitative approach to noninvasively characterize BAT.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19952807,

title = {Increased physical activity and reduced adiposity in overweight Hispanic adolescents},

author = {C E Byrd-Williams and B R Belcher and D Spruijt-Metz and J N Davis and E E Ventura and L Kelly and K Berhane and S Azen and M I Goran},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-03-01},

journal = {Med Sci Sports Exerc},

volume = {42},

number = {3},

pages = {478--484},

abstract = {The objectives of this study were to examine 1) whether changes in total physical activity (PA; counts per minute, cpm) and time spent in moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) are associated with changes in adiposity and 2) whether energy intake influences the relationship between changes in PA and changes in adiposity in overweight Hispanic adolescents. Analysis included 38 overweight (body mass index, >85th percentile) Hispanic adolescents with complete pretest and posttest data on relevant variables after participating in a 16-wk intervention. The intervention treatment did not influence PA, so the sample was combined and the randomization group was adjusted for in the analysis. Body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, 7-d PA by accelerometry, and dietary intake by 3-d diet records were assessed before and after intervention. Within individuals, the mean increase of PA (n = 19) and mean decrease of PA (n = 19) was approximately 105 cpm. A 100-cpm increase in total PA was associated with a decrease of 1.3 kg of fat mass and 0.8% body fat after adjusting for pretest adiposity, PA, age, sex, and treatment (P < 0.05). Controlling for energy intake modestly strengthened the relationships between total PA and fat mass and percent body fat. Changes in MVPA were not related to changes in adiposity after controlling for total PA (P > 0.05). Increasing total PA by 28% (100 cpm) was associated with a decrease of 1.4 kg of fat mass and 1% body fat for 16 wk in overweight Hispanic adolescents independent of intervention group assignment. Increases in total PA, compared with MVPA, may be sufficient to improve body composition in overweight Hispanic adolescents.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22039395,

title = {Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Muscle Lipids may Điffer with Muscle Group and Ethnicity},

author = {J C Lawrence and B A Gower and W T Garvey and A J Muñoz and B E Darnell and R A Oster and S D Buchthal and M I Goran and B R Newcomer},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Open Obes J},

volume = {2},

pages = {137--144},

abstract = {Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) has been inversely associated with insulin sensitivity in some, but not all, studies. This study utilized fast, high-resolution, magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to: investigate relationships between muscle lipids (IMCL and extramyocellular lipid (EMCL)) and insulin sensitivity in muscles of varying oxidative capacity, explore ethnic differences in these relationships, and determine whether a eucaloric, low-fat dietary intervention would reduce IMCL and increase insulin sensitivity. Subjects were 30 healthy, African-American (AA; n=14) and European-American (EA; n=16) males, BMI 26.49 (±5.57) kg/m(2), age 21.80 (±7.84) yrs. Soleus and tibialis anterior muscle lipids were quantified using MRSI. Insulin sensitivity was assessed via intravenous glucose tolerance test. A 2-week, eucaloric, low-fat diet intervention was conducted in a sub-group (n=12) subjects with assessments at baseline and post-intervention. Neither IMCL nor EMCL levels differed between ethnicities. In the total group, and within EA (but not AA), both tibialis anterior IMCL and EMCL were inversely associated with insulin sensitivity (P<0.05 for both); soleus muscle lipids were not associated with insulin sensitivity. Soleus, but not tibialis anterior, IMCL declined in both ethnic groups (average 25.3%; p<0.01) following dietary intervention; insulin sensitivity was unchanged. Results suggest that an association of muscle lipids with insulin sensitivity may be influenced by the oxidative capacity of the muscle group studied and may vary with ethnicity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20660036,

title = {Cortisol is negatively associated with insulin sensitivity in overweight Latino youth},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-00-01},

journal = {J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.},

volume = {95},

number = {10},

pages = {4729--4735},

abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of serum morning cortisol and aspects of insulin action in Latino children and adolescents (8-13 yr) at risk for type 2 diabetes. The present study includes a cross-sectional analysis in 211 participants and a longitudinal analysis in a subset of 143 participants. At baseline, cortisol was negatively associated with fasting glucose (r = 0.23; P < 0.01), β-cell function (disposition index},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20444915,

title = {Ethnic differences in insulin action in obese African-American and Latino adolescents},

author = {R E Hasson and T C Adam and J N Davis and M J Weigensberg and E E Ventura and C J Lane and C K Roberts and M I Goran},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-00-01},

journal = {J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.},

volume = {95},

number = {8},

pages = {4048--4051},

abstract = {African-American children have a greater acute insulin response to iv glucose (AIR) compared with Latino children despite a similar degree of insulin resistance and body composition. It is unclear whether African-Americans demonstrate an exaggerated insulin response to an oral glucose challenge and whether any differences are seen in more obese children in advanced pubertal development. Our objective was to compare glucose and insulin indices derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and iv glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in sedentary, obese African-American (n=59) and Latino (n=83) adolescents. Glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve was measured during an OGTT, and AIR, insulin sensitivity, disposition index, and glucose effectiveness were assessed during an IVGTT. Body composition was assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging. From the OGTT, glucose and insulin IAUC were 29.1 and 22.5% lower (P=0.01) in African-Americans compared with Latino adolescents. From the IVGTT, insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness were 41.7% (P<0.01) and 50.0% (P=0.02) lower in African-Americans compared to Latinos. AIR (P=0.001) and disposition index (P=0.02) were 63.0 and 48.8% higher in African-Americans, respectively, compared with Latinos. These findings persisted after controlling for body composition and fat distribution. There were marked differences in glucose and insulin indices derived from the OGTT and IVGTT. African-Americans were more insulin resistant as measured by the IVGTT compared with the Latino adolescents. However, the well-described hyperinsulinemia in response to iv glucose was not observed after oral glucose in African-American adolescents.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20387989,

title = {Interventions for improving metabolic risk in overweight Latino youth},

author = {J N Davis and E E Ventura and G Q Shaibi and C E Byrd-Williams and K E Alexander and A K Vanni and M R Meija and M J Weigensberg and D Spruijt-Metz and M I Goran},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-00-01},

journal = {Int J Pediatr Obes},

volume = {5},

number = {5},

pages = {451--455},

abstract = {This review highlights various components of interventions that reduced obesity and type 2 diabetes risk factors among overweight Latino youth. A total of 114 overweight Latino adolescents completed one of four randomized controlled trials: 1) strength training (ST; boys only); 2) modified carbohydrate nutrition program (N); 3) combination of N+ST; or 4) N + Combination of Aerobic and ST (N+CAST; girls only). Measures included: strength by 1-repetition max, dietary intake by 3-d records, body composition by DEXA/MRI, glucose/insulin indices by oral and IV glucose tolerance tests. ST improved insulin sensitivity by 45% in Latino boys, and N, N+ST, and N+CAST improved glucose control in Latino boys and girls. The CAST approach reduced all adiposity measures by ∼3% in Latina girls. Participants who decreased added sugar, increased dietary fiber, and had increased parental attendance, regardless of intervention group, improved insulin action and reduced visceral adipose tissue. In conclusion, ST, CAST, and a modified carbohydrate nutrition program with separate parental classes were all successful components of the interventions that decreased obesity and related metabolic diseases.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19834463,

title = {Comparison of fat-water MRI and single-voxel MRS in the assessment of hepatic and pancreatic fat fractions in humans},

author = {H H Hu and H W Kim and K S Nayak and M I Goran},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-00-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {18},

number = {4},

pages = {841--847},

abstract = {The ability to accurately and noninvasively quantify fatty infiltration in organs such as the liver and the pancreas remains a critical component in understanding the link between obesity and its comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease. Single-voxel ((1)H) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has long been regarded as the gold-standard noninvasive technique for such measurements. Recent advances in three-dimensional fat-water magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods have led to the development of rapid, robust, and quantitative approaches that can accurately characterize the proportion of fat and water content in underlying tissues across the full imaging volume, and hence entire organs of interest. One such technique is called IDEAL (Iterative Decomposition with Echo Asymmetry and Least squares estimation). This article prospectively compares three-dimensional (3D) IDEAL-MRI and single-voxel MRS in the assessment of hepatic (HFF) and pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) in 16 healthy subjects. MRS acquisitions took 3-4 min to complete whereas IDEAL acquisitions were completed in 20-s breath-holds. In the liver, there was a strong correlation (slope = 0.90, r(2) = 0.95, P < 0.001) between IDEAL and MRS-based fat fractions. In the pancreas, a poorer agreement between IDEAL and MRS was observed (slope = 0.32, r(2) = 0.51, P < 0.02). The discrepancy of PFF is likely explained by MRS signal contamination from surrounding visceral fat, presumably during respiratory motion. We conclude that IDEAL is equally accurate in characterizing hepatic fat content as MRS, and is potentially better suited for fat quantification in smaller organs such as the pancreas.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20002470,

title = {Evaluation of proposed oral disposition index measures in relation to the actual disposition index},

author = {R Retnakaran and Y Qi and M I Goran and J K Hamilton},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-12-01},

journal = {Diabet. Med.},

volume = {26},

number = {12},

pages = {1198--1203},

abstract = {Aims While the disposition index provides a useful measure of B-cell function, its calculation requires the performance of a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT). Recently, the demonstration of a hyperbolic relationship between indices of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity derived from the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has led to the introduction of two novel OGTT-based measures of B-cell function analogous to the disposition index: (i) the insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2 (ISSI-2) (defined as the ratio of the area-under-the-insulin-curve to the area-under-the-glucose curve, multiplied by the Matsuda index) and (ii) insulinogenic index (IGI)/fasting insulin. However, neither of these two measures has been directly compared with the disposition index. Methods Two hundred and thirteen non-diabetic children (122 boys, 91 girls) underwent both OGTT and FSIVGTT, allowing for the calculation of ISSI-2, IGI/fasting insulin and the disposition index. Results ISS1-2 and IGI/fasting insulin were strongly correlated with each other (r = 0.82, P < 0.0001). Both measures correlated with the disposition index, with ISSI-2 showing a modestly stronger association (ISSI-2: r = 0.24},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19793854,

title = {Inverse relation between dietary fiber intake and visceral adiposity in overweight Latino youth},

author = {J N Davis and K E Alexander and E E Ventura and C M Toledo-Corral and M I Goran},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-11-01},

volume = {90},

number = {5},

pages = {1160--1166},

abstract = {To date, no studies have assessed the longitudinal changes of dietary intake on metabolic risk factors in Latino youth. We assessed the relation between changes in dietary intake, specifically sugar and fiber intakes, with changes in adiposity and risk factors for type 2 diabetes in a longitudinal analysis of overweight Latino youth. Overweight Latino youth (n = 85; aged 11-17 y) underwent the following measures over 2 y [mean (+/-SD) time difference was 1.5 +/- 0.5 y]: dietary intake by 2-d diet recalls, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging, and glucose and insulin indexes by oral- and intravenous-glucose-tolerance tests. Partial correlations and repeated-measures analysis of covariance assessed the relation between changes in dietary intake with changes in adiposity and glucose and insulin indexes, independent of the following a priori covariates: sex, Tanner stage, time between visits, and baseline dietary and metabolic variables of interest. Increases in total dietary fiber (g/1000 kcal) and insoluble fiber (g/1000 kcal) were associated with decreases in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (r = -0.29},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19675204,

title = {Insulin sensitivity as an independent predictor of fat mass gain in Hispanic adolescents},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-11-01},

journal = {Diabetes Care},

volume = {32},

number = {11},

pages = {2114--2115},

abstract = {The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between changes in insulin sensitivity and subsequent changes in fat mass in obese Hispanic children over 3 consecutive years. In a longitudinal research design, insulin sensitivity (S(i)) of 96 research participants was determined at baseline and 1 year later. Body adiposity was assessed at four assessments. The change in S(i) during the first year of the study was a significant predictor of further fat mass development (P < 0.05). Considering different directions of S(i) change, S(i) was a strong predictor for further fat mass development only in the group that decreased their S(i) (P < 0.05). The results show that the direction of change in insulin sensitivity at an early age is an important independent predictor for further fat mass development and emphasize the importance of insulin sensitivity as a primary target for long-term obesity prevention, as well as the significance of early age intervention.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19516150,

title = {Aerobic and strength training reduces adiposity in overweight Latina adolescents},

author = {J N Davis and A Tung and S S Chak and E E Ventura and C E Byrd-Williams and K E Alexander and C J Lane and M J Weigensberg and D Spruijt-Metz and M I Goran},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-07-01},

journal = {Med Sci Sports Exerc},

volume = {41},

number = {7},

pages = {1494--1503},

abstract = {To date, no study has examined the synergistic effects of a nutrition and combination of aerobic and strength training (CAST) on both adiposity and metabolic parameters in overweight Latina adolescent females. The goal was to assess if a 16-wk nutrition plus CAST pilot study had stronger effects on reducing adiposity and on improving glucose/insulin indices compared with control (C), nutrition only (N), and a nutrition plus strength training (N + ST) groups. In a 16-wk randomized trial, 41 overweight Latina girls (15.2 +/- 1.1 yr) were randomly assigned to C (n = 7), N (n = 10), N + ST (n = 9), or N + CAST (n = 15). All intervention groups received modified carbohydrate nutrition classes (once a week), whereas the N + ST also received strength training (twice a week) and the N + CAST received a combination of strength and aerobic training (twice a week). The following were measured before and after intervention: strength by one repetition maximum, physical activity by the 7-d accelerometry and the 3-d physical activity recall, dietary intake by 3-d records, body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), glucose/insulin indices by oral glucose tolerance test, and intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal modeling. Across intervention group, effects were tested using ANCOVA with post hoc pairwise comparisons. There were significant overall intervention effects for all adiposity measures (weight, body mass index [BMI], BMI z-scores, and DEXA total body fat), with a decrease of 3% in the N + CAST group compared with a 3% increase in the N + ST group (P < or = 0.05). There was also an intervention effect for fasting glucose with the N group increasing by 3% and the N + CAST group decreasing by 4% (P < or = 0.05). The CAST was more effective than nutrition alone or nutrition plus strength training for reducing multiple adiposity outcomes and fasting glucose in overweight Latina girls. However, further research investigating and identifying intervention approaches that improve both adiposity and insulin indices, particularly in high-risk populations, are warranted.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19197265,

title = {Obesity attenuates the contribution of African admixture to the insulin secretory profile in peripubertal children: a longitudinal analysis},

author = {K Casazza and R P Phadke and J R Fernandez and R M Watanabe and M I Goran and B A Gower},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-07-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {17},

number = {7},

pages = {1318--1325},

abstract = {The pubertal transition has been identified as a time of risk for development of type 2 diabetes, particularly among vulnerable groups, such as African Americans (AAs). Documented ethnic differences in insulin secretory dynamics may predispose overweight AA adolescents to risk for type 2 diabetes. The objectives of this longitudinal study were to quantify insulin secretion and clearance in a cohort of 90 AA and European American (EA) children over the pubertal transition and to explore the association of genetic factors and adiposity with repeated measures of insulin secretion and clearance during this critical period. Insulin sensitivity was determined by intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and minimal modeling; insulin secretion and clearance by C-peptide modeling; genetic ancestry by admixture analysis. Mixed-model longitudinal analysis indicated that African genetic admixture (AfADM) was independently and positively associated with first-phase insulin secretion within the entire group (P < 0.001), and among lean children (P < 0.01). When examined within pubertal stage, this relationship became significant at Tanner stage 3. Total body fat was a significant determinant of first-phase insulin secretion overall and among obese children (P < 0.001). Total body fat, but not AfADM, was associated with insulin clearance (P < 0.001). In conclusion, genetic factors, as reflected in AfADM, may explain greater first-phase insulin secretion among peripubertal AA vs. EA; however, the influence of genetic factors is superseded by adiposity. The pubertal transition may affect the development of the beta-cell response to glucose in a manner that differs with ethnic/genetic background.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19465188,

title = {A high-sugar/low-fiber meal compared with a low-sugar/high-fiber meal leads to higher leptin and physical activity levels in overweight Latina females},

author = {D Spruijt-Metz and B Belcher and D Anderson and C J Lane and C P Chou and D Salter-Venzon and J N Davis and Y W Hsu and M L Neuhouser and J M Richey and T L McKenzie and A McClain and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-06-01},

journal = {J Am Diet Assoc},

volume = {109},

number = {6},

pages = {1058--1063},

abstract = {Acute effects of high-sugar/low-fiber meals vs low-sugar/high-fiber meals on hormones and behavior were studied in 10 overweight Latina females, age 11 to 12 years, using a crossover design. In this exploratory pilot study, participants arrived fasted at an observation laboratory on two occasions and randomly received either a high-sugar/low-fiber meal or a low-sugar/high-fiber meal at each visit. Glucose, insulin, and leptin were assayed from serum drawn at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Ad libitum snacks were provided at 120 minutes. Physical activity was measured using an observational system that provides data on time spent lying down, sitting, standing, walking, and in vigorous activity. Data were collected between March 2005 and July 2006. In the high-sugar/low-fiber condition, glucose and leptin levels decreased more slowly, glucose levels were higher at 60 minutes (111.2 mg/dL vs 95.4 mg/dL},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19465216,

title = {Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents},

author = {M J Weigensberg and M I Goran},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-05-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {373},

number = {9677},

pages = {1743--1744},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19250005,

title = {Acute effects of stress-reduction Interactive Guided Imagery(SM) on salivary cortisol in overweight Latino adolescents},

author = {M J Weigensberg and C J Lane and O Winners and T Wright and S Nguyen-Rodriguez and M I Goran and D Spruijt-Metz},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-03-01},

journal = {J Altern Complement Med},

volume = {15},

number = {3},

pages = {297--303},

abstract = {Chronic stress with relative hypercortisolism has been associated with metabolic disease risk. Stress-reduction interventions may therefore hold promise for reducing such chronic disease risk in obese youth. The purpose of this study was to conduct a 4-week pilot intervention to determine whether stress-reduction Interactive Guided Imagery(SM) (IGI) could serve as an acceptable and effective stress-reduction modality in overweight Latino adolescents. Subjects (6 male/6 female, ages 14-17, body-mass index >95th percentile) were randomly assigned to the experimental guided imagery group (IGI},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19690425,

title = {The interrelationships between abdominal adiposity, leptin and bone mineral content in overweight Latino children},

author = {A Afghani and M I Goran},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Horm. Res.},

volume = {72},

number = {2},

pages = {82--87},

abstract = {The link between abdominal fat and bone mineral content (BMC), independent of weight, has not been extensively studied. In Latino children, the contributions of abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat to BMC have not been examined. Research on the effect of leptin on BMC has also been inconclusive. The present study included 256 overweight Latino children (111 girls, 145 boys; mean BMI 28.2; age 11.1 +/- 1.7 years) from Los Angeles, California. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) and intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) were determined by single-slice magnetic resonance imaging. BMC was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Independent of age, Tanner stage and weight, abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT + IAAT) was inversely correlated with BMC (r = -0.46, p < 0.0001; n = 256). In girls, there was an inverse correlation between SAAT and BMC (r = -0.38, p < 0.05), between IAAT and BMC (r = -0.32, p < 0.05) and between leptin and BMC (r = -0.39, p < 0.05). In boys, SAAT and BMC were inversely correlated (r = -0.26, p < 0.05), but the correlation between IAAT and BMC was not significant (p = 0.22). Leptin was also inversely correlated with BMC (r = -0.38, p < 0.05) in boys and contributed to the variances in BMC in both girls and boys. Total abdominal adipose fat and leptin are negatively associated with BMC in Latino children. The correlation between SAAT and BMC is stronger in girls than boys. IAAT and BMC are negatively associated in girls but not correlated in boys.},

keywords = {latino children},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19555970,

title = {Persistence of the metabolic syndrome over 3 annual visits in overweight Hispanic children: association with progressive risk for type 2 diabetes},

author = {E E Ventura and C J Lane and M J Weigensberg and C M Toledo-Corral and J N Davis and M I Goran},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr.},

volume = {155},

number = {4},

pages = {535--541},

abstract = {To examine an association between persistent metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the risk for type 2 diabetes in overweight Hispanic children. A total of 73 subjects (mean age, 11.0 +/- 1.7 years) from a longitudinal study were classified as Never (negative for MetS at all 3 annual visits), Intermittent (positive for MetS at 1 or 2 visits), or Persistent (positive for MetS at all 3 visits). Measures included dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, magnetic resonance imaging, the 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, and the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. The Persistent group had a faster rate of fat mass gain than the Never group (20% vs 15% gain of baseline value; P < .05 for time *group interaction [time = visit]). Independent of body composition, the Persistent group increased by 70% in insulin incremental area under the curve, whereas the other groups decreased (P < .05 for time *group interaction). Despite no time *group interactions for insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response, or disposition index, the Persistent group maintained 43% lower insulin sensitivity (P < .01) and by visit 2 had a 25% lower disposition index (P < .05) compared with the Never group. Patients with persistent MetS had accelerated fat gain, increased insulin response to oral glucose, and decreased sensitivity and beta cell function, indicators of progressively greater risk for type 2 diabetes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19424166,

title = {Association of breakfast skipping with visceral fat and insulin indices in overweight Latino youth},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {17},

number = {8},

pages = {1528--1533},

abstract = {Few studies have investigated the relationship between breakfast consumption and specific adiposity or insulin dynamics measures in children. The goal of this study is to determine whether breakfast consumption is associated with adiposity, specifically intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT), and insulin dynamics in overweight Latino youth. Participants were a cross-sectional sample of 93 overweight (> or =85th percentile BMI) Latino youth (10-17 years) with a positive family history of type 2 diabetes. Dietary intake was assessed by two 24-h recalls, IAAT, and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) by magnetic resonance imaging, body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and insulin dynamics by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal modeling. Participants were divided into three breakfast consumption categories: those who reported not eating breakfast on either day (breakfast skippers; n = 20), those who reported eating breakfast on one of two days (occasional breakfast eaters; n = 39) and those who ate breakfast on both days (breakfast eaters; n = 34). Using analyses of covariance, breakfast omission was associated with increased IAAT (P = 0.003) independent of age, Tanner, sex, total body fat, total body lean tissue mass, and daily energy intake. There were no significant differences in any other adiposity measure or in insulin dynamics between breakfast categories. Eating breakfast is associated with lower visceral adiposity in overweight Latino youth. Interventions focused on increasing breakfast consumption are warranted.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19446812,

title = {Persistence of the metabolic syndrome and its influence on carotid artery intima media thickness in overweight Latino children},

author = {C M Toledo-Corral and E E Ventura and H N Hodis and M J Weigensberg and C J Lane and Y Li and M I Goran},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-00-01},

journal = {Atherosclerosis},

volume = {206},

number = {2},

pages = {594--598},

abstract = {The objective of this study was to examine the influence of persistence of the metabolic syndrome (Mets) and its individual components over a 3-year period on carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) in overweight Latino children. Ninety-seven healthy male and female overweight Latino children (mean age at baseline: 11.0+/-1.8 years) were assessed for MetS on four annual evaluations and classified according to the persistence of MetS: NEVER (0 annual visits with the MetS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19328270,

title = {A brief dietary screener: appropriate for overweight Latino adolescents?},

author = {J N Davis and M C Nelson and E E Ventura and L A Lytle and M I Goran},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-00-01},

journal = {J Am Diet Assoc},

volume = {109},

number = {4},

pages = {725--729},

abstract = {The objective of this article is to assess whether a brief dietary screener designed to assess fast-food and beverage consumption in a primarily white, adolescent population, is also valid and reliable in an overweight, adolescent Latina population. This screener was developed by the University of Minnesota to assess beverage consumption (nine items) and fast-food consumption (13 items) in normal weight, primarily white adolescents (ages 11 to 18 years). Thirty-five at risk for overweight (body mass index > or = 85th percentile) adolescent (ages 14 to 17 years) Latina females were recruited from East Los Angeles, CA, and completed the screener twice, approximately 7 to 14 days apart, during the fall of 2007. Dietary intake was also assessed by 3-day diet records. Spearman correlation and simple kappa were employed for test-retest assessment and comparisons between the screener and the records. Test-retest assessment yielded a mean Spearman or kappa statistic of 0.49 with 17 of 21 responses being significant (P<0.05). Validity was much lower and yielded a kappa statistic of only 0.08 and no responses were significant. Although this screener appeared to be a valid and reliable measure to assess beverage and fast-food consumption in a primarily white, adolescent population, it does not appear to be appropriate for an overweight Latina female adolescent population.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19247280,

title = {Randomized control trial to improve adiposity and insulin resistance in overweight Latino adolescents},

author = {J N Davis and L A Kelly and C J Lane and E E Ventura and C E Byrd-Williams and K A Alexandar and S P Azen and C P Chou and D Spruijt-Metz and M J Weigensberg and K Berhane and M I Goran},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-00-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {17},

number = {8},

pages = {1542--1548},

abstract = {Few randomized trials attempt to improve insulin sensitivity and associated metabolic risks in overweight Latino youth. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of a modified carbohydrate nutrition program combined with strength training on insulin sensitivity, adiposity, and other type 2 diabetes risk factors in overweight Latino adolescents. In a 16-week randomized trial, 54 overweight Latino adolescents (15.5 +/- 1.0 years) were randomly assigned to: (i) Control (C; n = 16), (ii) Nutrition (N; n = 21), or (iii) Nutrition + Strength training (N+ST; n = 17). The N group received modified carbohydrate nutrition classes (once per week), while the N+ST received the same nutrition classes plus strength training (twice per week). The following were measured at pre- and postintervention: strength by 1-repetition maximum, dietary intake by 3-day records, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, glucose/insulin indices by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal modeling. Across intervention group effects were tested using analysis of covariance with post hoc pairwise comparisons. A significant overall intervention effect was found for improvement in bench press (P < 0.001) and reductions in energy (P = 0.05), carbohydrate (P = 0.04) and fat intake (P = 0.03). There were no significant intervention effects on insulin sensitivity, body composition, or most glucose/insulin indices with the exception of glucose incremental area under the curve (IAUC) (P = 0.05), which decreased in the N and N+ST group by 18 and 6.3% compared to a 32% increase in the C group. In conclusion, this intense, culturally tailored intervention resulted in no significant intervention effects on measured risk factors with the exception of a beneficial effect on glycemic response to oral glucose.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19279653,

title = {Ethnic-specific pathways to obesity-related disease: the Hispanic vs. African-American paradox},

author = {M I Goran},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-12-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {16},

number = {12},

pages = {2561--2565},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18782874,

title = {Longitudinal analysis of the insulin-like growth factor system in African-American and European American children and adolescents},

author = {K Casazza and P B Higgins and J R Fernandez and M I Goran and B A Gower},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-12-01},

journal = {J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.},

volume = {93},

number = {12},

pages = {4917--4923},

abstract = {IGF-I and its binding proteins influence growth, development, and disease risk. Studies have revealed ethnic variations in the IGF system. This longitudinal study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the ethnic differences in the IGF system exist throughout the pubertal transition, and these differences are mediated at least in part by inherent differences in insulin dynamics. This was a longitudinal study. Annual evaluations were conducted for pubertal maturation, body composition, acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), and reproductive-endocrine profile. Hormones and binding proteins were determined using standard assays, the AIRg during a frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance test, and body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Mixed model analyses were used to identify and characterize ethnic differences in the IGF system across the pubertal transition after adjusting for ethnicity, sex, age, maturation status, body composition, and reproductive hormones, and to identify the contribution of insulin to IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-1. Subjects included African-American (AA) and European American children (n = 162 at baseline) aged 7-16 yr, evaluated across the pubertal transition. Annual data on IGF-I, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-3 were examined. IGF-I was higher in AA children at pubertal stage 1 only (P < 0.001). However, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-1 concentrations were lower in AAs through much of puberty (P < 0.05). The lower IGFBP-1 of AAs was in part explained by greater AIRg. Our data suggest that the higher IGF-I and lower IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in AAs as compared with European Americans during puberty suggest potential ethnic differences in circulating bioavailable IGF-I. In addition, higher AIRg in AAs may lead to greater bioavailable IGF-I. Whether these differences in the IGF system account for disparities in disease risk warrants further investigation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18787529,

title = {Birth weight and body composition in overweight Latino youth: a longitudinal analysis},

author = {L A Kelly and C J Lane and G D Ball and M J Weigensberg and L G Vargas and C E Byrd-Williams and E E Ventura and M I Goran},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-11-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {16},

number = {11},

pages = {2524--2528},

abstract = {To examine the associations between birth weight and BMI, and total body composition, in overweight Latino adolescents. Two hundred and forty-two overweight Latino children (baseline age = 11.1 +/- 1.7 years; BMI >or= 85th percentile) were measured annually for up to 6 years (2.6 +/- 1.4 observations/child, total 848 visits). Birth weight and history of gestational diabetes were obtained by parental interview. Visceral fat and subcutaneous abdominal fat were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, while total body fat, total lean tissue mass (LTM), trunk fat, and lean tissue trunk mass were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. BMI and BMI percentile were calculated using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention age appropriate cutoffs. Longitudinal linear mixed effects (LME) modeling was used to evaluate the influence of birth weight on subsequent changes in body composition and distribution of fat across puberty. Birth weight significantly predicted BMI (P < 0.001), total trunk fat (P < 0.001), total trunk LTM (P < 0.001), total fat mass (FM) (P < 0.001), and total LTM (P < 0.001), but not subcutaneous (P = 0.534) or visceral fat (P = 0.593) at age 11 years. Longitudinally, as participants transitioned into puberty, birth weight did not significantly predict any of the body composition or fat distribution measures (P > 0.05). Birth weight is significantly associated with increased adiposity and LTM and negatively associated with trunk fat mass and trunk lean mass at baseline; however these relationships did not predict rate of change of any of the variables as the children progress through adolescence.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18678615,

title = {Persistence of pre-diabetes in overweight and obese Hispanic children: association with progressive insulin resistance, poor beta-cell function, and increasing visceral fat},

author = {M I Goran and C Lane and C Toledo-Corral and M J Weigensberg},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-11-01},

journal = {Diabetes},

volume = {57},

number = {11},

pages = {3007--3012},

abstract = {To examine changes in risk factors in overweight and obese Hispanic children at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We recruited 128 overweight/obese Hispanic children with a family history of type 2 diabetes primarily from clinics in East Los Angeles. Children were evaluated annually for 4 years with an oral glucose tolerance test, applying American Diabetes Association criteria to define diabetes and pre-diabetes. Insulin sensitivity (S(i)), acute insulin response (AIR) to glucose, and beta-cell function (BCF) were determined from frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests, and total body fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT and SAAT) by magnetic resonance imaging were assessed in years 1, 2, and 4. No subjects developed type 2 diabetes, 40% never had pre-diabetes, 47% had intermittent pre-diabetes with no clear pattern over time, and 13% had persistent pre-diabetes. At baseline, those with persistent pre-diabetes had lower BCF and higher IAAT. In repeated measures, S(i) deteriorated regardless of pre-diabetes, and there was a significant effect of pre-diabetes on AIR (42% lower in pre-diabetes; P = 0.01) and disposition index (34% lower in pre-diabetes; P = 0.021) and a significant interaction of pre-diabetes and time on IAAT (greater increase over time in those with pre-diabetes; P = 0.034). In this group of Hispanic children at high risk of type 2 diabetes, 1) pre-diabetes is highly variable from year to year; 2) the prevalence of persistent pre-diabetes over 3 years is 13%; and 3) children with persistent pre-diabetes have lower BCF, due to a lower AIR, and increasing visceral fat over time.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19183309,

title = {Combined association of maternal and paternal family history of diabetes with plasma leptin and adiponectin in overweight Hispanic children},

author = {C Koebnick and L A Kelly and C J Lane and C K Roberts and G Q Shaibi and C M Toledo-Corral and J N Davis and M J Weigensberg and M I Goran},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-09-01},

journal = {Diabet. Med.},

volume = {25},

number = {9},

pages = {1043--1048},

abstract = {To investigate the importance of a maternal and paternal family history of Type 2 diabetes and their combined association with plasma leptin and adiponectin levels in overweight Latino children with a family history of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This cross-sectional study investigated the combined association of a maternal and paternal family history of T2DM with leptin and adiponectin in 175 overweight Latino children (age 11.1 +/- 1.7 years). All subjects had a family history of T2DM. Plasma adiponectin and leptin levels, body fat measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, Tanner stage, age and insulin sensitivity were assessed. After adjustment for age, gestational diabetes, insulin sensitivity and body fat, a combined maternal and paternal family history of T2DM was associated with higher leptin concentrations (P = 0.004) compared with a maternal or paternal family history alone. This association was most pronounced at Tanner stage 1 (P for interaction family history x tanner stage = 0.022). The presence of a combined maternal and paternal family history of T2DM accounted for 4% (P = 0.003) of the variation in leptin concentrations. No such combined association was observed for adiponectin levels. Maternal and paternal family history of T2DM may have an additive impact on leptin, but not on adiponectin levels independent of adiposity and insulin sensitivity in overweight Latino children. This may contribute to a further clinically relevant deterioration of metabolic health in this population.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18924579,

title = {Insulin-like growth factor-I is inversely related to adiposity in overweight Latino children},

author = {C M Toledo-Corral and C K Roberts and G Q Shaibi and C J Lane and P B Higgins and J N Davis and M J Weigensberg and M I Goran},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-09-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab.},

volume = {21},

number = {9},

pages = {855--864},

abstract = {The purpose of this study was to examine interrelationships between IGF-I, IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and adiposity in 178 overweight Hispanic adolescents (11.2 +/- 1.7 yr; body mass index: 28.2 +/- 5.4 kg/m2). Immunoradiometric assays were used to measure IGF-I, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3. Total fat and lean tissue mass were measured by DEXA and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue by MRI. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 remained inversely correlated with total body fat mass (r = -0.52, p < 0.001 and r = -0.25, p < 0.01, respectively) after controlling for covariates. IGFBP-1 was inversely correlated to total fat mass (r = -0.55, p < 0.001) in simple correlations; however, this relationship was eliminated after controlling for covariates (r = 0.02},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18349063,

title = {Associations among insulin, estrogen, and fat mass gain over the pubertal transition in African-American and European-American girls},

author = {K Casazza and M I Goran and B A Gower},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-07-01},

journal = {J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.},

volume = {93},

number = {7},

pages = {2610--2615},

abstract = {Age at menarche (AgeM) is earlier in African-American (AA) than in European-American (EA) girls. Neither the physiological cause nor the health implications of this difference are known. We tested the hypotheses that higher insulin among AA vs. EA precipitates an earlier elevation of estradiol (E2), an associated earlier AgeM, and greater gain in body fat. The study was conducted at a university research laboratory and General Clinical Research Center. Subjects were 137 girls (57 AA and 80 EA) aged 7-15 yr. The study had a longitudinal design. Annual evaluations were conducted for body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) by iv glucose tolerance test, and reproductive-endocrine profile. Multiple linear regression modeling and mixed model analyses were used to identify independent predictors of AgeM and E2 concentration at menarche. AgeM was significantly earlier in AA vs. EA (10.8 vs. 11.6 yr). Neither E2 nor insulin was a significant independent predictor of AgeM. AIRg was a significant predictor of E2 concentration. AA had higher E2 than EA (P < 0.01), and girls with higher AIRg had higher E2. Total fat increased with age in both EA and AA. However, among EA, the increase in fat mass was similar both before and after menarche (9.4%/yr before vs. 10.0%/yr after), whereas among AA, fat deposition nearly doubled after menarche (8.4%/yr before vs. 14.9%/yr after). Results did not support a direct cause-and-effect relationship between higher insulin, higher E2, and earlier AgeM in AA girls. However, the data suggested that higher insulin was associated with higher E2. Furthermore, reproductive maturation appeared to be associated with an acceleration of fat deposition among AA girls.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18492508,

title = {Low prevalence of pediatric type 2 diabetes: where's the epidemic?},

author = {M I Goran and J Davis and L Kelly and G Shaibi and D Spruijt-Metz and S M Soni and M Weigensberg},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-06-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr.},

volume = {152},

number = {6},

pages = {753--755},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18309303,

title = {Cardiorespiratory fitness predicts changes in adiposity in overweight Hispanic boys},

author = {C E Byrd-Williams and G Q Shaibi and P Sun and C J Lane and E E Ventura and J N Davis and L A Kelly and M I Goran},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-05-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {16},

number = {5},

pages = {1072--1077},

abstract = {We have previously shown that cardiorespiratory fitness predicts increasing fat mass during growth in white and African-American youth, but limited data are available examining this issue in Hispanic youth. Study participants were 160 (53% boys) overweight (BMI>or=85th percentile for age and gender) Hispanic children (mean+/-s.d. age at baseline=11.2+/-1.7 years). Cardiorespiratory fitness, assessed by VO2max, was measured through a maximal effort treadmill test at baseline. Body composition through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and Tanner stage through clinical exam were measured at baseline and annually thereafter for up to 4 years. Linear mixed models were used to examine the gender-specific relationship between VO2max and increases in adiposity (change in fat mass independent of change in lean tissue mass) over 4 years. The analysis was adjusted for changes in Tanner stage, age, and lean tissue mass. In boys, higher VO2max at baseline was inversely associated with the rate of increase in adiposity (beta=-0.001},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18227466,

title = {Cardiorespiratory fitness is strongly related to the metabolic syndrome in adolescents: response to Janssen and Cramp},

author = {G Q Shaibi and M L Cruz and M I Goran},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-02-01},

journal = {Diabetes Care},

volume = {31},

number = {2},

pages = {e8; author reply e9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}