@article{pmid25463048,

title = {Forefronts in portion size. An overview and synthesis of a roundtable discussion},

author = {J O Fisher and M I Goran and S Rowe and M M Hetherington},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-05-01},

journal = {Appetite},

volume = {88},

pages = {1--4},

abstract = {Establishing eating habits in early life that include appropriate portion sizes of foods which are nutrient dense and low in energy density is considered important in the prevention of obesity in children. This special supplement presents the proceedings of a symposium focusing on advances in scientific understanding of the development of healthy food portion sizes in children and their families. Recent basic research highlights individual differences in children's responsiveness to portion size as well as potential mechanisms of portion size effects. Quantitative approaches highlight the influence of maternal serving in determining intake, while qualitative approaches seek to elaborate caregiver decisions around child portion sizes at meals and snacks. Family-based environmental interventions for child weight control involving food portion size are outlined. An overview of the overarching issues and roundtable discussion on the forefronts of portion size research are presented as well as policy considerations to promote healthy portion control.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid25644856,

title = {Salsalate treatment improves glycemia without altering adipose tissue in nondiabetic obese hispanics},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-03-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {23},

number = {3},

pages = {543--551},

abstract = {Salsalate treatment has well-known effects on improving glycemia, and the objective of this study was to examine whether the mechanism of this effect was related to changes in adipose tissue. A randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled trial in obese Hispanics (18-35 years) was conducted. The intervention consisted of 4 g day(-1) of salsalate (n = 11) versus placebo (n = 13) for 4 weeks. Outcome measures included glycemia, adiposity, ectopic fat, and adipose tissue gene expression and inflammation. In those receiving salsalate, plasma fasting glucose decreased by 3.4% (P < 0.01), free fatty acids decreased by 42.5% (P = 0.06), and adiponectin increased by 27.7% (P < 0.01). Salsalate increased insulin AUC by 38% (P = 0.01) and HOMA-B by 47.2% (P < 0.01) while estimates of insulin sensitivity/resistance were unaffected. These metabolic improvements occurred without changes in total, abdominal, visceral, or liver fat. Plasma markers of inflammation/immune activation were unchanged following salsalate. Salsalate had no effects on adipose tissue including adipocyte size, presence of crown-like structures, or gene expression of adipokines, immune cell markers, or cytokines downstream of NF-κB with the exception of downregulation of IL-1β (P < 0.01). Findings suggest that metabolic improvements in response to salsalate occurred without alterations in adiposity, ectopic fat, or adipose tissue gene expression and inflammation.},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24357646,

title = {Insulin sensitivity and brain reward activation in overweight Hispanic girls: a pilot study},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-02-01},

journal = {Pediatr Obes},

volume = {10},

number = {1},

pages = {30--36},

abstract = {Insulin resistance is a link between obesity and the associated disease risk. In addition to its role as an energy regulatory signal to the hypothalamus, insulin also modulates food reward. To examine the relationship of insulin sensitivity (SI) and fasting insulin with cerebral activation in response to food and non-food cues in children. Twelve overweight Hispanic girls (age: 8-11) participated in two study visits, a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and a functional neuroimaging session (GE HDxt 3.0Tesla) with visual stimulation tasks. Blocks of images (high calorie [HC], low calorie [LC] and non-food [NF]) were presented in randomized order. Comparing HC with NF, SI was inversely associated with activation in the anterior cingulate (r(2) = 0.65; P < 0.05), the insula (r(2) = 0.69; P < 0.05), the orbitofrontal cortex (r(2) = 0.74; P < 0.05), and the frontal and rolandic operculum (r(2) = 0.76; P < 0.001). Associations remained significant after adjustment for body mass index. Association of fasting insulin and cerebral activation disappeared after adjustment for waist circumference. In addition to weight loss, insulin sensitivity may pose an important target to regulate neural responses to food cues in the prevention of excessive weight gain.},

keywords = {brain, diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid25242636,

title = {Effects of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup consumption on spatial memory function and hippocampal neuroinflammation in adolescent rats},

author = {T M Hsu and V R Konanur and L Taing and R Usui and B D Kayser and M I Goran and S E Kanoski},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-02-01},

journal = {Hippocampus},

volume = {25},

number = {2},

pages = {227--239},

abstract = {Excessive consumption of added sugars negatively impacts metabolic systems; however, effects on cognitive function are poorly understood. Also unknown is whether negative outcomes associated with consumption of different sugars are exacerbated during critical periods of development (e.g., adolescence). Here we examined the effects of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup-55 (HFCS-55) intake during adolescence or adulthood on cognitive and metabolic outcomes. Adolescent or adult male rats were given 30-day access to chow, water, and either (1) 11% sucrose solution, (2) 11% HFCS-55 solution, or (3) an extra bottle of water (control). In adolescent rats, HFCS-55 intake impaired hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in a Barne's maze, with moderate learning impairment also observed for the sucrose group. The learning and memory impairment is unlikely based on nonspecific behavioral effects as adolescent HFCS-55 consumption did not impact anxiety in the zero maze or performance in a non-spatial response learning task using the same mildly aversive stimuli as the Barne's maze. Protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6, interleukin 1β) was increased in the dorsal hippocampus for the adolescent HFCS-55 group relative to controls with no significant effect in the sucrose group, whereas liver interleukin 1β and plasma insulin levels were elevated for both adolescent-exposed sugar groups. In contrast, intake of HFCS-55 or sucrose in adults did not impact spatial learning, glucose tolerance, anxiety, or neuroinflammatory markers. These data show that consumption of added sugars, particularly HFCS-55, negatively impacts hippocampal function, metabolic outcomes, and neuroinflammation when consumed in excess during the adolescent period of development.},

keywords = {brain, sugar},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid26633899,

title = {The Association of Ħuman Apolipoprotein C-III Sialylation Proteoforms with Plasma Ŧriglycerides},

author = {H N Yassine and O Trenchevska and A Ramrakhiani and A Parekh and J Koska and R W Walker and D Billheimer and P D Reaven and F T Yen and R W Nelson and M I Goran and D Nedelkov},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {10},

number = {12},

pages = {e0144138},

abstract = {Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) regulates triglyceride (TG) metabolism. In plasma, apoC-III exists in non-sialylated (apoC-III0a without glycosylation and apoC-III0b with glycosylation), monosialylated (apoC-III1) or disialylated (apoC-III2) proteoforms. Our aim was to clarify the relationship between apoC-III sialylation proteoforms with fasting plasma TG concentrations. In 204 non-diabetic adolescent participants, the relative abundance of apoC-III plasma proteoforms was measured using mass spectrometric immunoassay. Compared with the healthy weight subgroup (n = 16), the ratios of apoC-III0a, apoC-III0b, and apoC-III1 to apoC-III2 were significantly greater in overweight (n = 33) and obese participants (n = 155). These ratios were positively correlated with BMI z-scores and negatively correlated with measures of insulin sensitivity (Si). The relationship of apoC-III1 / apoC-III2 with Si persisted after adjusting for BMI (p = 0.02). Fasting TG was correlated with the ratio of apoC-III0a / apoC-III2 (r = 0.47, p<0.001), apoC-III0b / apoC-III2 (r = 0.41, p<0.001), apoC-III1 / apoC-III2 (r = 0.43, p<0.001). By examining apoC-III concentrations, the association of apoC-III proteoforms with TG was driven by apoC-III0a (r = 0.57, p<0.001), apoC-III0b (r = 0.56. p<0.001) and apoC-III1 (r = 0.67, p<0.001), but not apoC-III2 (r = 0.006},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid26339570,

title = {Built Environment Associations with Adiposity Parameters among Overweight and Obese Hispanic Youth},

author = {S Hsieh and A C Klassen and F C Curriero and L E Caulfield and L J Cheskin and J N Davis and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg and D Spruijt-Metz},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Prev Med Rep},

volume = {2},

pages = {406--412},

abstract = {The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to establish neighborhood built environment correlates of adiposity as measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The utility and methodological gains of using this measure for built environment research was further investigated by comparing model fit across parallel models on BMI z-scores and waist circumference. Pre-existing data collected from 2001-2001 on 576 overweight and obese Hispanic youth were compiled with built environment data, and 2000 Census data for analyses conducted in 2012. Walking-distance buffers were built around participants' residential locations. Variables for park space, food access, walkability, and neighborhood socio-cultural aspects were entered into a multivariate regression model predicting percent body fat. Parallel models were built for BMI z-score, and waist circumference. Significant associations were found between percent body fat and supermarket access for boys, and percent body fat and increased park space and decreased neighborhood linguistic isolation for girls. Neighborhood socio-cultural characteristics accounted for more variance in obesity compared to BMI z-score or waist circumference. Park access, food environment, and neighborhood socio-cultural characteristics are independent contributors to body fat in children, and the contribution of these risks differs by gender. There are incremental gains to using a more accurate measure of body fat in built environment obesity studies.},

keywords = {built environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid25835281,

title = {Perinatal overnutrition exacerbates adipose tissue inflammation caused by high-fat feeding in C57BL/6J mice},

author = {B D Kayser and M I Goran and S G Bouret},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {10},

number = {3},

pages = {e0121954},

abstract = {Obesity causes white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation and insulin resistance in some, but not all individuals. Here, we used a mouse model of early postnatal overfeeding to determine the role of neonatal nutrition in lifelong WAT inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. C57BL/6J mice were reared in small litters of 3 (SL) or normal litters of 7 pups (NL) and fed either regular chow or a 60% high fat diet (HFD) from 5 to 17 weeks. At weaning, SL mice did not develop WAT inflammation despite increased fat mass, although there was an up-regulation of WAT Arg1 and Tlr4 expression. On HFD, adult SL mice had greater inguinal fat mass compared to NL mice, however both groups showed similar increases in visceral fat depots and adipocyte hypertrophy. Despite the similar levels of visceral adiposity, SL-HFD mice displayed greater impairments in glucose homeostasis and more pronounced hepatic steatosis compared to NL-HFD mice. In addition, WAT from SL mice fed a HFD displayed greater crown-like structure formation, increased M1 macrophages, and higher cytokine gene expression. Together, these data suggest that early postnatal overnutrition may be a critical determinant of fatty liver and insulin resistance in obese adults by programming the inflammatory capacity of adipose tissue.},

keywords = {maternal obesity},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24849392,

title = {A novel biopsy method to increase yield of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Int J Obes (Lond)},

volume = {39},

number = {1},

pages = {183--186},

abstract = {Collection of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) for research testing is traditionally performed using punch biopsy or needle aspiration techniques, yielding small amounts of very superficial SAT (100-500 mg). Although liposuction techniques can be used to obtain large amounts of SAT, these approaches can compromise the integrity of the adipose tissue. Therefore, we investigated a novel method using a 6-mm Bergström side-cutting biopsy needle to acquire suitable amounts of intact abdominal SAT for multiple complex studies such as flow cytometry, RNA extraction, ex vivo expression of molecular and post-translational protein mediators, and histology. Fifty biopsies were obtained from 29 participants using a Bergström biopsy needle, applying transient manual suction and shearing large pieces of fat within the inner-cutting trochar. Eighteen of the biopsies were performed under ultrasound guidance, whereby we successfully sampled deep SAT (dSAT) from below Scarpa's fascia. The average weight of SAT sampled was 1.5 ± 0.4 g. There was no clinically important bleeding or ecchymosis on the abdominal wall and no infection occurred with this procedure. The 6-mm Bergström biopsy needle yielded substantially more SAT than what has been obtained from superficial procedures and, for the first time, allowed sampling of dSAT by a percutaneous approach.},

keywords = {methods},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24840081,

title = {Increased eating frequency linked to decreased obesity and improved metabolic outcomes},

author = {B T House and G E Shearrer and S J Miller and K E Pasch and M I Goran and J N Davis},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Int J Obes (Lond)},

volume = {39},

number = {1},

pages = {136--141},

abstract = {We previously reported that more frequent eating in overweight minority youth was linked to lower visceral adiposity and circulating triglycerides. The aim of this study was to examine this issue in more detail by assessing the relationship between eating frequency and adiposity and metabolic disease risk in a cohort of exclusively overweight Hispanic youth. This analysis included 191 overweight (⩾ 85th percentile body mass index (BMI)) Hispanic youth (8-18 years) with the following cross-sectional measures: height, weight, BMI, dietary intake via multiple 24 h recalls, body composition via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, lipids and insulin action (insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response (AIR) and disposition index, a measure of β-cell function) via a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Each eating occasion (EO) was defined as ⩾ 50 calories and ⩾ 15 min from any prior EO. Infrequent eaters (IEs) were classified as any subject who ate <3 EOs on any dietary recall (n = 32), whereas frequent eaters (FEs) always consumed ⩾ 3 EOs (n = 159). Using analyses of covariance, FEs compared with IEs consumed 23% more calories per day (P ⩽ 0.01), ate 40% more often and consumed 19% less calories per EO (P ⩽ 0.01). FEs also exhibited 9% lower BMI Z-scores (P ⩽ 0.01), 9% lower waist circumferences (P ⩽ 0.01), 29% lower fasting insulin (P = 0.02), 31% lower HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment: Insulin Resistance) values (P = 0.02) and 19% lower triglycerides (P ⩽ 0.01), as well as an 11% higher AIR (P = 0.02) and 31% higher disposition index (P=0.01). The following a priori covariates were included: Tanner, sex, body fat and reported energy intake. These findings suggest that increased eating frequency is related to decreased obesity and metabolic disease risk in overweight Hispanic youth, despite increases in energy intake.},

keywords = {diabetes risk, diet},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid25109287,

title = {Fasting, post-OGŦŦ challenge, and nocturnal free fatty acids in prediabetic versus normal glucose tolerant overweight and obese Latino adolescents},

author = {C M Toledo-Corral and T L Alderete and J Richey and P Sequeira and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-00-01},

journal = {Acta Diabetol},

volume = {52},

number = {2},

pages = {277--284},

abstract = {Type 2 diabetes risk and its relationship to free fatty acid (FFA) exposure and visceral fat by prediabetes status in minority adolescents have yet to be explored. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the association of circulating FFA under varying conditions with prediabetes in Latino adolescents and to determine the relative relationships of FFA and visceral adiposity to insulin sensitivity, secretion, and β-cell function. Overweight or obese, but otherwise healthy Latino adolescent males and females (n = 164, 14.2 ± 2.5 years), were recruited for assessment of prediabetes, abdominal fat, and FFA levels taken at a fasting state (FFAF), during an OGTT (FFAOGTT), and overnight (FFANOCTURNAL). Prediabetic adolescents had a higher FFAF than those with normal glucose tolerance when controlling for age, sex, pubertal status, total percent body fat, and visceral fat. FFAOGTT and FFANOCTURNAL did not differ between participants with prediabetes and those with normal glucose tolerance after adjusting for covariates. Visceral fat was independently related to insulin sensitivity and secretion in pubertal adolescents; however, in post-pubertal adolescents, FFAF and visceral fat were both independent and negatively related to β-cell function. These results support a plausible progression of the lipotoxicity theory of diabetes development during the pubertal transition.},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24685236,

title = {Vegetable consumption is linked to decreased visceral and liver fat and improved insulin resistance in overweight Latino youth},

author = {L T Cook and G A O'Reilly and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg and D Spruijt-Metz and J N Davis},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-11-01},

journal = {J Acad Nutr Diet},

volume = {114},

number = {11},

pages = {1776--1783},

abstract = {There are limited data on the influence of vegetable consumption on adiposity and metabolic health, specifically nonstarchy vegetables and vegetables that are dark green and deep orange/yellow (also known as nutrient-rich vegetables). Our study examines the relationship between vegetable intake and adiposity, liver fat, and insulin dynamics in overweight Latino youth. This cross-sectional study of 175 overweight (body mass index ≥85th percentile) Latino youth (aged 8 to 18 years), with data collected during 2006-2011, included the following: dietary intake via multiple 24-hour recalls, total body fat via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, adipose tissue distribution and liver fat via magnetic resonance imaging, and insulin dynamics via frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Linear regression and analysis of covariance were used for analysis, with the following a priori covariates: age, sex, energy intake, and total body fat. Participants who consumed the most nonstarchy vegetables (mean intake=1.7±1.0 servings/day) compared with the least (mean intake=0.1±0.1 servings/day) had 44% less liver fat (10.0%±8.5% vs 5.6%±8.7%; P=0.01). Nutrient-rich vegetable intake was positively correlated with insulin sensitivity (r=0.19; P=0.03). Consumers of nutrient-rich vegetables (mean intake=0.3±0.4 servings/day [n=107]), compared with nonconsumers (n=68), had 31% increased insulin sensitivity (1.6±1.6 vs 2.1±1.3×10(⁻⁴)/min/μU/mL; P=0.03) and 17% less visceral adipose tissue (2.3±0.9 vs 1.9±0.7 L; P=0.01). Consumption of specific vegetable types by overweight Latino youth is associated with positive metabolic outcomes, including reduced visceral and liver fat and risk factors for type 2 diabetes, even when consumed in small quantities. These may be relevant targets for interventions.},

keywords = {diabetes risk, diet},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24616207,

title = {Macrophages and fibrosis in adipose tissue are linked to liver damage and metabolic risk in obese children},

author = {R W Walker and H Allayee and A Inserra and R Fruhwirth and A Alisi and R Devito and M E Carey and F Sinatra and M I Goran and V Nobili},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-06-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {22},

number = {6},

pages = {1512--1519},

abstract = {Obesity in childhood is associated with an inflammatory state in adipose tissue and liver, which elevates risk for diabetes and liver disease. No prior study has examined associations between pathologies occurring in adipose tissue and liver to identify elements of tissue damage associated with type 2 diabetes risk. This study sought to determine whether inflammation and fibrosis in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in obese/overweight children (BMI-z 2.3 ± 0.76) was related to the extent of observed liver disease or type 2 diabetes risk. Biopsy samples of abdominal (SAT) and liver were simultaneously collected from 33 Italian children (mean BMI 28.1 ± 5.1 kg/m(2) and mean age 11.6 ± 2.2 years) with confirmed NAFLD. Histology and immunohistochemistry were conducted on biopsies to assess inflammation and fibrosis in adipose tissue and fibrosis and inflammation in liver. Presence vs. absence of crown-like structures (CLS) in SAT was significantly related to liver fibrosis scores (1.7 ± 0.7 vs. 1.2 ± 0.7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23613461,

title = {Meal skipping linked to increased visceral adipose tissue and triglycerides in overweight minority youth},

author = {B T House and L T Cook and L E Gyllenhammer and J M Schraw and M I Goran and D Spruijt-Metz and M J Weigensberg and J N Davis},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-05-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {22},

number = {5},

pages = {77--84},

abstract = {To investigate the impact of eating frequency on dietary intake, physical activity (PA), metabolic, and adiposity measures in minority youth. This analysis included 185 overweight (≥85th BMI percentile) Hispanic and African-American youth (8-18 years) with the following cross-sectional measures: height, weight, BMI, dietary intake, body composition, metabolic parameters, PA, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Each eating occasion (EO) was defined as ≥50 calories and ≥15 minutes from any previous EO. Participants were dichotomized based on EOs per 24-h into meal skippers <3 EO (MS; n = 27) or normal/frequent eaters ≥3 EO (NFE; n = 158). ANCOVAs were used to assess dietary intakes, metabolic outcomes, adiposity, and PA between eating frequency groups. MS compared to NFE consumed 24% fewer calories per 24-h (P ≤ 0.01), 21% more calories per EO (P ≤ 0.01), ate 40% less often (P ≤ 0.01), had 18% higher triglycerides (P = 0.03), and 26% more VAT (P = 0.03), with no differences in PA. Although meal skipping was associated with decreased energy intake, it was linked to increased calories per EO and higher triglycerides and VAT, which are strong indicators of deleterious metabolic profiles. These findings elucidate that meal skipping may be associated with increased VAT and related metabolic diseases in high-risk minority youth.},

keywords = {diabetes risk, diet},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24398641,

title = {Relationship between artificially sweetened and sugar-sweetened cola beverage consumption during pregnancy and preterm delivery in a multi-ethnic cohort: analysis of the Born in Bradford cohort study},

author = {E S Petherick and M I Goran and J Wright},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-03-01},

journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr},

volume = {68},

number = {3},

pages = {404--407},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the intake of sugar-sweetened (SS) and artificially sweetened (AS) cola beverages during pregnancy and the risk of preterm delivery (PTD). At baseline (2007-2010), 8914 pregnant women were recruited to the Born in Bradford birth cohort study at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy. Women completed a questionnaire describing their health and lifestyle behaviours, including their consumption of AS and SS cola beverages reported as cups per day, which were then linked to maternity records. The relationship between SS and AS cola beverage consumption was examined using logistic regression analyses. No relationship was observed between daily AS cola beverage consumption and PTD. Women who drank four cups per day of SS cola beverages had higher odds of a PTD when compared with women who did not consume these beverages daily. We conclude that high daily consumption of SS cola beverages during pregnancy is associated with increases in the rate of PTD.},

keywords = {sweeteners},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24445905,

title = {Metabolic basis of ethnic differences in diabetes risk in overweight and obese youth},

author = {TL Alderete and CM Toledo-Corral and MI Goran},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-02-01},

journal = {Curr. Diab. Rep.},

volume = {14},

number = {2},

pages = {455},

abstract = {The global pandemic of childhood obesity has led to increased risk for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Studies have shown decreased insulin sensitivity and/or secretion with increasing adiposity and consistently observed greater risk for T2DM in obese, non-Caucasian youth. In the current review we describe recent advances in understanding how obesity and metabolic status in children and adolescents confers various risk profiles for T2DM among Latinos, African Americans, Caucasians, Asians, and Native Americans. These possible determinants include ectopic fat distribution, adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis, and elevated plasma levels of nonesterified free fatty acids. Future work should aim to elucidate the ethnic-specific pathophysiology of T2DM in order to develop and implement appropriate prevention and treatment strategies based on different ethnic profiles of diabetes risk.},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23929660,

title = {Modifying influence of dietary sugar in the relationship between cortisol and visceral adipose tissue in minority youth},

author = {L E Gyllenhammer and M J Weigensberg and D Spruijt-Metz and H Allayee and M I Goran and J N Davis},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-02-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {22},

number = {2},

pages = {474--481},

abstract = {Cortisol has been associated with preferential visceral adipose tissue (VAT) deposition; however, findings in humans are mixed, which may be clarified when diet is considered. Participants included 165 African-American and Latino, overweight adolescents (BMI% 97.2±3.2%, ages 13-18, 67% Latino, 66% female). Body composition was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, abdominal fat depots [VAT, subcutaneous (SAT)] by multiple-slice MRI, time-controlled serum sample to measure cortisol, and 2-day multi-pass 24-hour dietary recall. Linear regression analysis examined the cross-sectional relationship between cortisol, and the interaction of diet and cortisol on adiposity measures. Sex, race, age, and total body fat were a priori covariates. There was a significant interaction between cortisol and sugar (total and added) in the prediction of VAT (P(interaction) ≤ 0.05). Amongst participants with high total or added-sugar intake, cortisol was significantly associated with VAT (ß = 0.031 P < 0.001; ß = 0.026 P < 0.001), with no relationship in low consumers of total or added-sugar. Dietary sugar may play an important role in modifying the relationship between cortisol and VAT, such that cortisol is significantly associated with elevated VAT under conditions of high sugar intake.},

keywords = {sugar},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24433565,

title = {Imagine HEALTH: results from a randomized pilot lifestyle intervention for obese Latino adolescents using Interactive Guided ImagerySM},

author = {M J Weigensberg and C J Lane and Q Avila and K Konersman and E Ventura and T Adam and Z Shoar and M I Goran and D Spruijt-Metz},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {BMC Complement Altern Med},

volume = {14},

pages = {28},

abstract = {There is an urgent need for innovative and developmentally appropriate lifestyle interventions to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors and to prevent the early onset of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in obese Latino adolescents. Guided imagery offers promise to reduce stress and promote lifestyle behavior change to reduce disease risk in obese adolescents. Our objectives were: 1) To pilot test a new 12-wk lifestyle intervention using a randomized trial design in obese Latino adolescents, in order to determine the effects of the mind-body modality of Interactive Guided ImagerySM (IGI), over and above those of a didactic lifestyle education, on insulin resistance, eating and physical activity behaviors, stress and stress biomarkers; and 2) To explore the role of intervention-related changes in stress and stress biomarkers on changes in metabolic outcomes, particularly insulin resistance. Obese (BMI > 95th percentile), Latino adolescents (n = 35, age 14-17) were randomized to receive either 12 weekly sessions of a lifestyle education plus guided imagery program (GI), or lifestyle education plus a digital storytelling computer program (DS). Between-group differences in behavioral, biological, and psychological outcomes were assessed using unpaired T-tests and ANCOVA in the 29 subjects who completed the intervention. The GI group demonstrated significant reductions in leisure sedentary behavior (p < .05) and increases in moderate physical activity (p < .05) compared to DS group, and a trend toward reduced caloric intake in GI vs DS (p = .09). Salivary cortisol was acutely reduced by stress-reduction guided imagery (p < .01). There were no group differences in adiposity, insulin resistance, perceived stress, or stress biomarkers across the 12-week intervention, though decrease in serum cortisol over the course of the intervention was associated with improved insulin sensitivity (p = .03) independent of intervention group and other relevant co-variates. The improvements in physical activity and stress biomarkers following this pilot intervention support the role of guided imagery in promoting healthy lifestyle behavior change and reducing metabolic disease risk in obese Latino adolescent populations. Future investigations will be needed to determine the full effects of the Imagine HEALTH intervention on insulin resistance, stress, and stress biomarkers. Clinicaltrials.gov Registry #: NCT01895595.},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23836520,

title = {Adipose tissue 11βĦSĐ1 gene expression, βcell function and ectopic fat in obese African Americans versus Hispanics},

author = {L E Gyllenhammer and T L Alderete and S Mahurka and H Allayee and M I Goran},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {22},

number = {1},

pages = {14--18},

abstract = {This study examined the contribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) 11βHSD1 to obese African Americans' (AA) elevated metabolic risk, despite a protective obesity phenotype of reduced visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) relative to obese Hispanics with similar metabolic risk. Obese AA and Hispanic adults (N = 36(16AA); BMI 35.2 ± 0.6 kg/m(2) , 18-25y) participated, with VAT, SAT, and HFF measured by MRI, SAT gene expression measured by HT-12 microarray and insulin sensitivity (SI), disposition index (DI) by IVGTT. Multiple linear regression examined relationships/interactions of ethnicity and 11βHSD1 expression on outcomes (covariates: age, sex, total fat mass), with standardized β (stβ) reported. SAT 11βHSD1 expression significantly associated with insulin parameters and this varied by ethnicity (Pinteraction <0.1). In AA, 11βHSD1 negatively associated with SI (stβ = -0.58},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24985013,

title = {Fructose content in popular beverages made with and without high-fructose corn syrup},

author = {R W Walker and K A Dumke and M I Goran},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Nutrition},

volume = {30},

number = {7-8},

pages = {928--935},

abstract = {Excess fructose consumption is hypothesized to be associated with risk for metabolic disease. Actual fructose consumption levels are difficult to estimate because of the unlabeled quantity of fructose in beverages. The aims of this study were threefold: 1) re-examine the fructose content in previously tested beverages using two additional assay methods capable of detecting other sugars, especially maltose, 2) compare data across all methods to determine the actual free fructose-to-glucose ratio in beverages made either with or without high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), and 3) expand the analysis to determine fructose content in commonly consumed juice products. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and fruit juice drinks that were either made with or without HFCS were analyzed in separate, independent laboratories via three different methods to determine sugar profiles. For SSBs, the three independent laboratory methods showed consistent and reproducible results. In SSBs made with HFCS, fructose constituted 60.6% ± 2.7% of sugar content. In juices sweetened with HFCS, fructose accounted for 52.1% ± 5.9% of sugar content, although in some juices made from 100% fruit, fructose concentration reached 65.35 g/L accounting for 67% of sugars. Our results provide evidence of higher than expected amounts of free fructose in some beverages. Popular beverages made with HFCS have a fructose-to-glucose ratio of approximately 60:40, and thus contain 50% more fructose than glucose. Some pure fruit juices have twice as much fructose as glucose. These findings suggest that beverages made with HFCS and some juices have a sugar profile very different than sucrose, in which amounts of fructose and glucose are equivalent. Current dietary analyses may underestimate actual fructose consumption.},

keywords = {sugar},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid24650840,

title = {Fast-food restaurants, park access, and insulin resistance among Hispanic youth},

author = {S Hsieh and A C Klassen and F C Curriero and L E Caulfield and L J Cheskin and J N Davis and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg and D Spruijt-Metz},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-00-01},

journal = {Am J Prev Med},

volume = {46},

number = {4},

pages = {378--387},

abstract = {Evidence of associations between the built environment and obesity risk has been steadily building, yet few studies have focused on the relationship between the built environment and aspects of metabolism related to obesity's most tightly linked comorbidity, type 2 diabetes. To examine the relationship between aspects of the neighborhood built environment and insulin resistance using accurate laboratory measures to account for fat distribution and adiposity. Data on 453 Hispanic youth (aged 8-18 years) from 2001 to 2011 were paired with neighborhood built environment and 2000 Census data. Analyses were conducted in 2011. Walking-distance buffers were built around participants' residential locations. Body composition and fat distribution were assessed using dual x-ray absorptiometry and waist circumference. Variables for park space, food access, walkability, and neighborhood sociocultural aspects were entered into a multivariate regression model predicting insulin resistance as determined by the homeostasis model assessment. Independent of obesity measures, greater fast-food restaurant density was associated with higher insulin resistance. Increased park space and neighborhood linguistic isolation were associated with lower insulin resistance among boys. Among girls, park space was associated with lower insulin resistance, but greater neighborhood linguistic isolation was associated with higher insulin resistance. A significant interaction between waist circumference and neighborhood linguistic isolation indicated that the negative association between neighborhood linguistic isolation and insulin resistance diminished with increased waist circumference. Reducing access to fast food and increasing public park space may be valuable to addressing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, but effects may vary by gender.},

keywords = {built environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23818490,

title = {Compensatory responses to insulin resistance in obese African-American and Latina girls},

author = {R E Hasson and T C Adam and J N Davis and R M Watanabe and M I Goran},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-12-01},

journal = {Pediatr Obes},

volume = {8},

number = {6},

pages = {68--73},

abstract = {Insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose markedly differ by ethnicity. This study examined whether ethnic differences in pancreatic insulin secretion, hepatic insulin extraction and clearance explain these disparate findings in 35 obese African-American and 41 Latina girls (Tanner Stages: IV-V; ages: 14-18; body mass index percentile: 85.9-99.8%). Pancreatic insulin secretion, hepatic insulin extraction and clearance were estimated by C-peptide and insulin modeling during an oral glucose tolerance test. Insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG ) and disposition index were derived from a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Compared to Latinas, obese African-American adolescents had lower pancreatic insulin secretion (21.3%; P < 0.01), glucose incremental area under the curve (IAUC) (41.7%},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23804528,

title = {Genetic and clinical markers of elevated liver fat content in overweight and obese Hispanic children},

author = {R W Walker and F Sinatra and J Hartiala and M Weigensberg and D Spruijt-Metz and T L Alderete and M I Goran and H Allayee},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-12-01},

journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},

volume = {21},

number = {12},

pages = {E790--797},

abstract = {Genetic variation in six genes has been associated with elevated liver fat and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults. The influence of these genes on liver fat and whether a genetic risk score (GRS) would improve upon the ability of common clinical risk factors to predict elevated liver fat content (ELF) in Hispanic children was determined. 223 obese Hispanic children were genotyped for six SNPs. MRI was used to measure liver fat. A GRS was tested for association with ELF using multivariate linear regression. Predictors were assessed via ROC curves and pair-wise analysis was used to determine significance alone and combined with clinical markers. Only variants in PNPLA3 and APOC3 genes were associated with liver fat (P < 0.001},

keywords = {genetic, liver fat},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23239616,

title = {The association between community-level economic hardship and childhood obesity prevalence in Los Angeles},

author = {M Shih and K A Dumke and M I Goran and P A Simon},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-12-01},

journal = {Pediatr Obes},

volume = {8},

number = {6},

pages = {411--417},

abstract = {Neighbourhood social, economic and environmental factors are associated with childhood obesity. Childhood obesity disproportionately impacts those living in low-income neighbourhoods. Childhood obesity prevalence is strongly associated with community-level social and economic conditions as measured using a composite Economic Hardship Index. Childhood obesity prevalence among communities in the highest hardship quartile was more than double the prevalence among communities in the lowest hardship quartile (26.9 vs. 12.5%). The relationship between economic hardship and obesity differs by race/ethnicity. The association between community-level economic hardship and childhood obesity prevalence was examined in Los Angeles County, one of the largest and most racially and ethnically diverse regions in the United States. Data from the 2008-2009 California Department of Education's Physical Fitness Testing Program were analyzed to assess obesity prevalence among 5th, 7th and 9th grade students attending public schools (n = 298,485). Community-level socioeconomic conditions were compared using a census-tract-based Economic Hardship (EH) index. Mixed-effects modelling was used to examine the association between obesity prevalence and gender, grade, race/ethnicity and EH. Higher community-level EH was associated with higher childhood obesity prevalence (P < 0.001). The obesity prevalence among communities in the highest EH quartile (26.9%) was more than double the obesity prevalence among communities in the lowest EH quartile (12.5%). The slope of the association between EH and childhood obesity differed by racial/ethnic group. The slope was higher for non-Hispanic White students, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Asians, and lower for non-Hispanic Black students. Racial/ethnic disparities were observed across the socioeconomic spectrum. Findings suggest that efforts to improve community socioeconomic conditions could reduce childhood obesity prevalence. Prevention efforts should target communities with high economic hardship and also focus on providing culturally relevant interventions that address disparities in obesity prevalence across communities.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23846812,

title = {Temporal relationship between insulin sensitivity and the pubertal decline in physical activity in peripubertal Hispanic and African American females},

author = {D Spruijt-Metz and B R Belcher and Y W Hsu and A D McClain and C P Chou and S Nguyen-Rodriguez and M J Weigensberg and M I Goran},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-11-01},

journal = {Diabetes Care},

volume = {36},

number = {11},

pages = {3739--3745},

abstract = {Little attention has been paid to possible intrinsic biological mechanisms for the decline in physical activity that occurs during puberty. This longitudinal observational study examined the association between baseline insulin sensitivity (SI) and declines in physical activity and increases in sedentary behavior in peripubertal minority females over a year. Participants were Hispanic and African American girls (n = 55; 76% Hispanic; mean age 9.4 years; 36% obese). SI and other insulin indices were measured at baseline using the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Physical activity was measured on a quarterly basis by accelerometry and self-report. Physical activity declined by 25% and time spent in sedentary behaviors increased by ∼13% over 1 year. Lower baseline SI predicted the decline in physical activity measured by accelerometry, whereas higher baseline acute insulin response to glucose predicted the decline in physical activity measured by self-report. Time spent in sedentary behavior increased by ~13% over 1 year, and this was predicted by lower baseline SI. All models controlled for adiposity, age, pubertal stage, and ethnicity. When evaluated using a longitudinal design with strong outcome measures, this study suggests that lower baseline SI predicts a greater decline in physical activity in peripubertal minority females.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23873990,

title = {Liver fat has a stronger association with risk factors for type 2 diabetes in African-American compared with Hispanic adolescents},

author = {TL Alderete and CM Toledo-Corral and P Desai and MJ Weigensberg and MI Goran 

},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-09-01},

journal = {J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.},

volume = {98},

number = {9},

pages = {3748--3754},

abstract = {Although overweight and obese African-Americans (AAs) have less visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and liver fat (LF) than Hispanics, they have a similar risk for type 2 diabetes. We examined ethnic differences in the association between VAT and LF with risk factors for type 2 diabetes to help explain this paradox. We conducted a cross-sectional study in an academic pediatric care facility. Subjects were overweight and obese AA (n = 131; 15.5 ± 3.3 years old) and Hispanic adolescents (n = 227; 14.7 ± 3.0 years old). Outcome measures included insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response (AIR), and disposition index (DI) by frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test and minimal modeling. LF, not VAT, was inversely associated with SI, and the effect of high LF compared with low was more pronounced in AAs (P(interaction) < .05). In Hispanics, high LF was associated with a 24% lower SI (P < .01) and a 31% increase in AIR (P < .01) and was not associated with DI (P = .35). In AAs, high LF was associated with a 49% lower SI (P < .001), was not associated with an increase in AIR (P = .25), and was associated with a 42% lower DI (P < .01), indicating failure of compensatory insulin secretion/clearance in response to insulin resistance. Prediabetes changed the relationship between high/low LF and DI in Hispanics (P(interaction) = .002) but not AAs such that prediabetic Hispanics with high LF had a 43% lower DI (P = .03) with no difference in those without prediabetes (P = .06). LF has a stronger effect on SI compared with VAT. Our results suggest that the impact of high LF on poor β-cell compensation is more pronounced in AAs. In Hispanics, the combination of high LF and prediabetes contributes to poor β-cell compensation.},

keywords = {latino, liver fat},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23433749,

title = {Blunted nocturnal cortisol rise is associated with higher carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMŦ) in overweight African American and Latino youth},

author = {C M Toledo-Corral and S J Myers and Y Li and H N Hodis and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-09-01},

journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology},

volume = {38},

number = {9},

pages = {1658--1667},

abstract = {Blunted diurnal cortisol variation has been associated with overt cardiovascular disease in adults. The relationship between the diurnal cortisol variation and subclinical atherosclerosis in youth has yet to be investigated. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the relationship between overnight cortisol measures and CIMT in overweight and obese, African-American and Latino children; (2) assess ethnic differences in these relationships; and (3) explore whether overnight cortisol and CIMT relationships were independent of inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-∝ (TNF-∝). One hundred fifty-six overweight and obese African-American and Latino children (ages 8-17, 86 M/70 F, 55 African-American/101 Latino) underwent measures of CIMT by B-mode ultrasound, nocturnal cortisol rise (NCR = salivary cortisol rise from 2200 h to awakening at 0530 h), cortisol awakening response (CAR = salivary cortisol from time of awakening to 30 min later), fasting serum cortisol and overnight urinary free cortisol. Using linear regression, salivary cortisol(0530 h) and NCR were negatively associated with CIMT (β(standardized) = -0.215 and -0.220, p < 0.01) independent of age, height, percent body fat, ethnicity and systolic blood pressure. Nocturnal salivary cortisol(2200 h), morning serum cortisol, and overnight urinary free cortisol were not associated with CIMT. Using ANCOVA, participants with LOW NCR (NCR < 0.44 μg/dL},

keywords = {diabetes risk, IMT},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23689494,

title = {Self-report-based estimates of energy intake offer an inadequate basis for scientific conclusions},

author = {D A Schoeller and D Thomas and E Archer and S B Heymsfield and S N Blair and M I Goran and J O Hill and R L Atkinson and B E Corkey and J Foreyt and N V Dhurandhar and J G Kral and K D Hall and B C Hansen and B L Heitmann and E Ravussin and D B Allison},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-06-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {97},

number = {6},

pages = {1413--1415},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23315601,

title = {One-hour glucose during an oral glucose challenge prospectively predicts β-cell deterioration and prediabetes in obese Hispanic youth},

author = {J Y Kim and M I Goran and C M Toledo-Corral and M J Weigensberg and M Choi and G Q Shaibi},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-06-01},

journal = {Diabetes Care},

volume = {36},

number = {6},

pages = {1681--1686},

abstract = {In adults, 1-h glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) predicts the development of type 2 diabetes independent of fasting and 2-h glucose concentrations. The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the utility of elevated 1-h glucose levels to prospectively predict deterioration in β-cell function and the development of prediabetes in high-risk youth. Obese Latino youth with a family history of type 2 diabetes (133 male and 100 female; age 11.1 ± 1.7 years) completed a baseline OGTT and were divided into two groups based upon a 1-h glucose threshold of 155 mg/dL (<155 mg/dL},

keywords = {diabetes risk, methods},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23386647,

title = {Ectopic fat deposition in prediabetic overweight and obese minority adolescents},

author = {C M Toledo-Corral and T L Alderete and H H Hu and K Nayak and S Esplana and T Liu and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-03-01},

journal = {J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.},

volume = {98},

number = {3},

pages = {1115--1121},

abstract = {Optimizing effective prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes in youth is limited by incomplete understanding of its pathophysiology and how this varies across ethnicities with high risk. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), hepatic fat fraction (HFF), and pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) to prediabetes in overweight/obese African American (AA) and Latino youth. We conducted a cross-sectional study in an academic pediatric care facility. A total of 148 healthy, overweight/obese adolescents (56 AA, 92 Latino; 72 males, 76 females; age, 15.5 ± 1.2 y; BMI z-score, 2.1 ± 0.5) participated in the study. They were normal glucose tolerant (n = 106) and prediabetic (n = 42), based on fasting glucose of 100-125 mg/dL and/or 2-hour glucose of 140-199 mg/dL, and/or hemoglobin A1C 6.0-6.4%. We measured sc abdominal adipose tissue, VAT, HFF, and PFF by 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging and measured total body fat by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Adolescents with prediabetes had 30% higher HFF (P = .001) and 31% higher PFF (P = .042), compared to those with normal glucose tolerance after controlling for age, sex, pubertal stage, ethnicity, total percentage body fat, and VAT. Logistic regression showed that PFF predicted prediabetes in AAs and HFF predicted prediabetes in Latinos, with the odds of having prediabetes increased by 66% for every 1% increase in PFF in African Americans, and increased by 22% for every 1% increase in HFF in Latinos. These data demonstrate that ectopic fat phenotypes associated with prediabetes are established by adolescence. Ethnic differences in the deposition of ectopic fat in adolescents with prediabetes may differ, with pancreatic fat in AAs, vs hepatic fat in Latino adolescents, being associated with diabetes risk.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23011805,

title = {Automatic intra-subject registration-based segmentation of abdominal fat from water-fat MRI},

author = {A A Joshi and H H Hu and R M Leahy and M I Goran and K S Nayak},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-02-01},

journal = {J Magn Reson Imaging},

volume = {37},

number = {2},

pages = {423--430},

abstract = {To develop an automatic registration-based segmentation algorithm for measuring abdominal adipose tissue depot volumes and organ fat fraction content from three-dimensional (3D) water-fat MRI data, and to evaluate its performance against manual segmentation. Data were obtained from 11 subjects at two time points with intermediate repositioning, and from four subjects before and after a meal with repositioning. Imaging was performed on a 3 Tesla MRI, using the IDEAL chemical-shift water-fat pulse sequence. Adipose tissue (subcutaneous--SAT, visceral--VAT) and organs (liver, pancreas) were manually segmented twice for each scan by a single trained observer. Automated segmentations of each subject's second scan were generated using a nonrigid volume registration algorithm for water-fat MRI images that used a b-spline basis for deformation and minimized image dissimilarity after the deformation. Manual and automated segmentations were compared using Dice coefficients and linear regression of SAT and VAT volumes, organ volumes, and hepatic and pancreatic fat fractions (HFF, PFF). Manual segmentations from the 11 repositioned subjects exhibited strong repeatability and set performance benchmarks. The average Dice coefficients were 0.9747 (SAT), 0.9424 (VAT), 0.9404 (liver), and 0.8205 (pancreas); the linear correlation coefficients were 0.9994 (SAT volume), 0.9974 (VAT volume), 0.9885 (liver volume), 0.9782 (pancreas volume), 0.9996 (HFF), and 0.9660 (PFF). When comparing manual and automated segmentations, the average Dice coefficients were 0.9043 (SAT volume), 0.8235 (VAT), 0.8942 (liver), and 0.7168 (pancreas); the linear correlation coefficients were 0.9493 (SAT volume), 0.9982 (VAT volume), 0.9326 (liver volume), 0.8876 (pancreas volume), 0.9972 (HFF), and 0.8617 (PFF). In the four pre- and post-prandial subjects, the Dice coefficients were 0.9024 (SAT), 0.7781 (VAT), 0.8799 (liver), and 0.5179 (pancreas); the linear correlation coefficients were 0.9889, 0.9902 (SAT, and VAT volume), 0.9523 (liver volume), 0.8760 (pancreas volume), 0.9991 (HFF), and 0.6338 (PFF). Automated intra-subject registration-based segmentation is potentially suitable for the quantification of abdominal and organ fat and achieves comparable quantitative endpoints with respect to manual segmentation.},

keywords = {methods},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23762538,

title = {Sociocultural and socioeconomic influences on type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese African-American and Latino-American children and adolescents},

author = {R E Hasson and T C Adam and J Pearson and J N Davis and D Spruijt-Metz and M I Goran},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J Obes},

volume = {2013},

pages = {512914},

abstract = {It is unclear whether sociocultural and socioeconomic factors are directly linked to type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese ethnic minority children and adolescents. This study examines the relationships between sociocultural orientation, household social position, and type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese African-American (n = 43) and Latino-American (n = 113) children and adolescents. Sociocultural orientation was assessed using the Acculturation, Habits, and Interests Multicultural Scale for Adolescents (AHIMSA) questionnaire. Household social position was calculated using the Hollingshead Two-Factor Index of Social Position. Insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response (AIRG) and disposition index (DI) were derived from a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT). The relationships between AHIMSA subscales (i.e., integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization), household social position and FSIGT parameters were assessed using multiple linear regression. For African-Americans, integration (integrating their family's culture with those of mainstream white-American culture) was positively associated with AIRG (β = 0.27 ± 0.09},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23323909,

title = {Sugar-sweetened beverages, genetic risk, and obesity},

author = {M I Goran},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {N. Engl. J. Med.},

volume = {368},

number = {3},

pages = {285--286},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23181629,

title = {High fructose corn syrup and diabetes prevalence: a global perspective},

author = {M I Goran and S J Ulijaszek and E E Ventura},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Glob Public Health},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {55--64},

abstract = {The overall aim of this study was to evaluate, from a global and ecological perspective, the relationships between availability of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Using published resources, country-level estimates (n =43 countries) were obtained for: total sugar, HFCS and total calorie availability, obesity, two separate prevalence estimates for diabetes, prevalence estimate for impaired glucose tolerance and fasting plasma glucose. Pearson's correlations and partial correlations were conducted in order to explore associations between dietary availability and obesity and diabetes prevalence. Diabetes prevalence was 20% higher in countries with higher availability of HFCS compared to countries with low availability, and these differences were retained or strengthened after adjusting for country-level estimates of body mass index (BMI), population and gross domestic product (adjusted diabetes prevalence=8.0 vs. 6.7%},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23852811,

title = {How growing up sweet can turn sour},

author = {M I Goran},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-00-01},

journal = {Pediatr Obes},

volume = {8},

number = {4},

pages = {237--241},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23803890,

title = {Eating breakfast more frequently is cross-sectionally associated with greater physical activity and lower levels of adiposity in overweight Latina and African American girls},

author = {S M Schembre and C K Wen and J N Davis and E Shen and S T Nguyen-Rodriguez and B R Belcher and Y W Hsu and M J Weigensberg and M I Goran and D Spruijt-Metz},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-00-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {98},

number = {2},

pages = {275--281},

abstract = {Eating breakfast is believed to promote a healthy body weight. Yet, few studies have examined the contribution of energy balance-related behavioral factors to this relation in minority youth. We assessed the associations between breakfast consumption and dietary intake, physical activity (PA), and adiposity before and after accounting for energy intake and PA in minority girls. Cross-sectional data were obtained on body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat (measured by BodPod), dietary intake (measured with 3-d dietary records), and PA (measured with 7-d accelerometry) from 87 Latina and African American girls 8-17 y of age (75% Latina, 80% overweight). Dietary records were used to categorize girls as more frequent breakfast eaters (MF; 2 or 3 of 3 d; n = 57) or less frequent breakfast eaters (LF; 0 or 1 of 3 d; n = 30). Chi-square tests, ANCOVA, and multiple regression analyses were conducted. Mediation was assessed with a Sobel test. Compared with the MF group, the LF group spent 30% less time (12.6 min/d) in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA; P = 0.004) and had a higher percentage body fat (P = 0.029). MVPA accounted for 25% (95% CI: -8.8%, 58.1%; P = 0.139) of the relation between breakfast consumption and percentage body fat. We were unable to show that energy intake or MVPA was a significant mediator of the relation between breakfast consumption and adiposity in this sample. Evidence suggests that among predominantly overweight minority girls, MVPA, but not energy intake, was associated with both breakfast consumption and adiposity; however, a lack of power reduced our ability to detect a significant mediation effect. Other unobserved variables likely contribute to this relation.},

keywords = {diabetes risk, diet, pediatric obesity},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23732284,

title = {The obesogenic effect of high fructose exposure during early development},

author = {M I Goran and K Dumke and S G Bouret and B Kayser and R W Walker and B Blumberg},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-00-01},

journal = {Nat Rev Endocrinol},

volume = {9},

number = {8},

pages = {494--500},

abstract = {Obesogens are compounds that disrupt the function and development of adipose tissue or the normal metabolism of lipids, leading to an increased risk of obesity and associated diseases. Evidence for the adverse effects of industrial and agricultural obesogens, such as tributyltin, bisphenol A and other organic pollutants is well-established. Current evidence suggests that high maternal consumption of fat promotes obesity and increased metabolic risk in offspring, but less is known about the effects of other potential nutrient obesogens. Widespread increase in dietary fructose consumption over the past 30 years is associated with chronic metabolic and endocrine disorders and alterations in feeding behaviour that promote obesity. In this Perspectives, we examine the evidence linking high intakes of fructose with altered metabolism and early obesity. We review the evidence suggesting that high fructose exposure during critical periods of development of the fetus, neonate and infant can act as an obesogen by affecting lifelong neuroendocrine function, appetite control, feeding behaviour, adipogenesis, fat distribution and metabolic systems. These changes ultimately favour the long-term development of obesity and associated metabolic risk.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23149173,

title = {Impact of gestational diabetes mellitus on pubertal changes in adiposity and metabolic profiles in Latino offspring},

author = {J N Davis and E P Gunderson and L E Gyllenhammer and M I Goran},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-00-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr.},

volume = {162},

number = {4},

pages = {741--745},

abstract = {To examine the impact of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) status on longitudinal changes in adiposity and metabolic variables in overweight Latino offspring (from age 8-20 years) across puberty. This longitudinal cohort of 210 overweight Latino children was measured annually for a period of 3 ± 1 years for Tanner stage through physical examination, adiposity by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging, lipids, and glucose and insulin action via the oral glucose tolerance test and frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Linear mixed-effects modeling estimated the impact of maternal GDM status on baseline and changes in adiposity and metabolic variables across puberty. In our cohort, 22% of offspring were from GDM pregnancies. At baseline, the GDM offspring were heavier at birth, more likely to have a family history of type 2 diabetes, and less likely to have been breastfed (for any duration). Compared with the non-GDM offspring, the GDM offspring had greater increases in total body fat (+6.5% vs +4.5%; P = .03) and steeper declines in acute insulin response (-39% vs -17%; P < .001) and disposition index (-57% vs -35%; P < .001) across Tanner stages, independent of ethnicity, sex, breastfeeding status, family history of diabetes, and baseline and changes in body composition. These findings confirm the elevated risk for excess adiposity and type 2 diabetes in GDM offspring, and further underscore the need for interventions targeting Latino GDM and their offspring.},

keywords = {diabetes risk, GDM},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22595618,

title = {Genetic predisposition and increasing dietary fructose exposure: the perfect storm for fatty liver disease in Hispanics in the UṠ},

author = {M I Goran and E E Ventura},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-09-01},

journal = {Dig Liver Dis},

volume = {44},

number = {9},

pages = {711--713},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22617559,

title = {Genetic-related and carbohydrate-related factors affecting liver fat accumulation},

author = {M I Goran and R Walker and H Allayee},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-07-01},

journal = {Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care},

volume = {15},

number = {4},

pages = {392--396},

abstract = {To summarize recent findings that have examined dietary, genetic and gene-diet interactions that contribute to fat accumulation in the liver during growth and development, with particular focus on contributions relating to dietary carbohydrate and sugar consumption. In addition, this review highlights how some of these contributions to liver fat vary across the population in terms of ethnic-specific effects. Dietary carbohydrate, and especially sugars contribute to increased liver fat accumulation due to the lipogenic potential of fructose during liver metabolism. In addition, recent genome-wide studies have identified several polymorphisms that contribute to increased liver fat accumulation, with some of these genes relating to dietary carbohydrate and sugar consumption. In particular, the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) gene, which is highly prevalent in Hispanics, contributes to excessive liver fat beginning at a young age, especially in the context of high sugar consumption. Dietary sugar contributes to liver fat accumulation, with this being explained by de-novo lipogenesis from fructose in the liver. Certain genetic factors, including PNPLA3, glucokinase regulatory protein and APOC3 contribute to increased liver fat accumulation, with these effects being manifested at an early age. Hispanics in particular are at elevated risk for liver fat accumulation because of the higher frequency of genetic variants such as PNPLA3 and glucokinase regulatory protein as well as an interaction between the PNPLA3 and dietary sugar.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22217471,

title = {Health-related quality of life in adolescents with or at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus},

author = {E T Rhodes and M I Goran and T A Lieu and R H Lustig and L A Prosser and T J Songer and M J Weigensberg and R S Weinstock and T Gonzalez and K Rawluk and R M Zoghbi and D S Ludwig and L M Laffel},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-06-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr.},

volume = {160},

number = {6},

pages = {911--917},

abstract = {To evaluate how adolescents with or at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and their parent/guardians (parents) perceive adolescents' health-related quality of life. We interviewed overweight/obese, 12- to 18-year-old youth with T2DM, prediabetes, or insulin resistance and one parent from 5 US sites. Assessments included Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), Health Utilities Index, family conflict, and diabetes burden. In 108 adolescents, diagnoses included 40.7% with T2DM, 25.0% with prediabetes, and 34.3% with insulin resistance. PedsQL summary score (SS) was higher in adolescents than parents (P=.02). Parents rated physical functioning lower than adolescents (P<.0001), but there were no differences in psychosocial health. Adolescent PedsQL SS did not differ with diagnosis, but was inversely associated with adolescent body mass index z-score (P=.0004) and family conflict (P<.0001) and associated with race/ethnicity (P<.0001). Number of adolescent co-morbidities (P=.007) and burden of diabetes care (P<.05) were inversely associated with parent PedsQL SS. There were no differences in the Health Utilities Index-Mark 3 multi-attribute utility score. Parents perceive their adolescents' physical functioning as more impaired than adolescents themselves. Contextual factors including severity of obesity, race/ethnicity, family conflict, and burden of diabetes care influence health-related quality of life. Family-based approaches to treatment and prevention of T2DM may benefit from increased attention to the biopsychosocial context.},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22137671,

title = {Hemoglobin A1c above threshold level is associated with decreased β-cell function in overweight Latino youth},

author = {C M Toledo-Corral and L G Vargas and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-05-01},

journal = {J. Pediatr.},

volume = {160},

number = {5},

pages = {751--756},

abstract = {To examine whether a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)-identified prediabetic state (HbA1c ≥ 6.0%-6.4%) is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity (SI) and β-cell dysfunction, known factors in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, in an overweight pediatric population. A total of 206 healthy overweight Latino adolescents (124 males and 82 females; mean age, 13.1 ± 2.0 years) were divided into 2 groups: lower risk (n=179), with HbA1c <6.0%, and higher risk (n=27), with HbA1c 6.0%-6.4%. Measurements included HbA1c, oral glucose tolerance testing, fasting and 2-hour glucose and insulin, SI, acute insulin response, and disposition index (an index of β-cell function) by the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal modeling. Body fat was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Compared with the lower risk group, the higher risk group had 21% lower SI (1.21 ± 0.06 vs 1.54 ± 0.13; P<.05), 30% lower acute insulin response (928 ± 102 vs 1342 ± 56; P<.01), and a 31% lower disposition index (1390 ± 146 vs 2023 ± 83; P=.001) after adjusting for age and total percent body fat. These data provide clear evidence of greater impairment of β-cell function in overweight Latino children with HbA1c 6.0%-6.4%, and thereby support the adoption of the International Expert Committee's HbA1c-determined definition of high-risk state for overweight children at risk for type 2 diabetes.},

keywords = {diabetes risk},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22434736,

title = {Effects of a randomized maintenance intervention on adiposity and metabolic risk factors in overweight minority adolescents},

author = {J N Davis and E E Ventura and A Tung and M A Munevar and R E Hasson and C Byrd-Williams and A K Vanni and D Spruijt-Metz and M Weigensberg and M I Goran},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-02-01},

journal = {Pediatr Obes},

volume = {7},

number = {1},

pages = {16--27},

abstract = {The objective of this study was to assess the effects of a maintenance programme (monthly newsletters vs. monthly group classes and telephone behavioural sessions) on obesity and metabolic disease risk at 1 year in overweight minority adolescents. After a 4-month nutrition and strength training intervention, 53 overweight Latino and African-American adolescents (15.4 ± 1.1 years) were randomized into one of two maintenance groups for 8 months: monthly newsletters (n = 23) or group classes (n = 30; monthly classes + individualized behavioural telephone sessions). The following outcomes were measured at months 4 (immediately following the intense intervention) and 12: height, weight, blood pressure, body composition via BodPodâ„¢ (Life Measurement Instruments, Concord, CA, USA), lipids and glucose/insulin indices via frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. There were no significant group by time interactions for any of the health outcomes. There were significant time effects in several outcomes for both groups from months 4 to 12: bench press and leg press decreased by 5% and 14%, respectively (P = 0.004 & P = 0.01), fasting insulin and acute insulin response decreased by 26% and 16%, respectively (P < 0.001 & P = 0.046); while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin sensitivity improved by 5% and 14% (P = 0.042 & P = 0.039). Newsletters as opposed to group classes may suffice as follow-up maintenance programmes to decrease type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk in overweight minority adolescents.},

keywords = {diabetes risk, trial},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23529994,

title = {High rates of fructose malabsorption are associated with reduced liver fat in obese African Americans},

author = {R W Walker and K A Lê and J Davis and T L Alderete and R Cherry and S Lebel and M I Goran},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {J Am Coll Nutr},

volume = {31},

number = {5},

pages = {369--374},

abstract = {African Americans commonly have lower liver fat accumulation than Hispanics, despite a similar propensity for obesity. Both ethnicities exhibit high consumption of fructose-containing beverages, which has been associated with high liver fat owing to the lipogenic properties of fructose. Therefore, differences in fructose absorption may be an important factor in regulating liver fat deposition. We hypothesized that fructose malabsorption in African Americans may reduce hepatic delivery of fructose, thus contributing to lower liver fat deposition compared to Hispanics. Thirty-seven obese young adults aged 21.4 ± 2.1 years (16 African American, 21 Hispanic) underwent a 3-hour hydrogen (H2) breath test to assess fructose malabsorption. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volume and liver fat. Fructose malabsorption was expressed as an area under the curve for H2 production (H2 AUC). Compared to Hispanics, African Americans had lower liver fat (5.4% ± 5.0% vs 8.9% ± 2.3%},

keywords = {fructose, liver fat},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23128765,

title = {Targeting adipose tissue inflammation to treat the underlying basis of the metabolic complications of obesity},

author = {M I Goran and T L Alderete},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser},

volume = {73},

pages = {49--60},

abstract = {The prevalence of obesity has increased throughout the last three decades due to genetic, metabolic, behavioral, and environmental factors [1]. Obesity in turn increases risk for a number of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease and some forms of cancer [1]. Despite the well-known link between obesity and increased morbidity, the mechanism of this remains elusive. Thus, the question 'why does increased body fat cause increased metabolic comorbidities' remains unanswered. By understanding the underlying basis of obesity-associated metabolic diseases, different therapies could be designed to target relevant pathways. Although we lack a full understanding of the underlying mechanisms that result in disease, several putative explanations exist for why fat affects metabolic health. One such theory is based on the anatomic location of fat deposition and ectopic fat accumulation [2]. Specifically, current literature suggests that visceral, liver and skeletal fat accumulation affects organ function and contributes to the development of insulin resistance, fatty liver, and the metabolic syndrome [3]. However, even in individuals matched for body fat and fat distribution, significant differences can exist in metabolic outcomes, and the phenomenon of metabolically healthy obese has been well described [4]. More recent data suggest the alternative hypothesis relating excess adipose tissue to disease risk based on the metabolic function and morphological properties of adipose tissue. In this scenario, excess adipose tissue is hypothesized to contribute to a state of chronic inflammation which promotes development of insulin resistance as well as other metabolic complications by stimulating nuclear factor-ĸB and Jun N-terminal kinase pathways in adipocytes and the liver [5]. In this paper, we will review the hypothesis linking excess adipose tissue to increased disease risk through adipose tissue inflammation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22170357,

title = {Effects of breastfeeding and low sugar-sweetened beverage intake on obesity prevalence in Hispanic toddlers},

author = {J N Davis and S E Whaley and M I Goran},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Am. J. Clin. Nutr.},

volume = {95},

number = {1},

pages = {3--8},

abstract = {Few studies have examined the independent and additive effects of breastfeeding (BF) and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake in early life on overweight and obesity prevalence. The objective was to assess the effects of BF and SSB intake on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Hispanic toddlers. Nutrition data were collected via phone surveys with caregivers of 1483 Hispanic children (2-4 y of age) from the Los Angeles County Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program. BF history at 2-4 y of age was categorized as follows: no BF, >1 wk to <6 mo BF, 6 to <12 mo BF, and ≥12 mo BF. SSB intake at 2-4 y of age was categorized as follows: high SSB (≥2 SSBs/d), mid SSB (1 SSB/d), and no SSB. The height and weight of the children were measured by WIC staff and stored in the Integrated Statewide Information System. Binary logistic regressions assessed the effects of BF and SSB categories on overweight and obesity prevalence. In comparison with the no-BF participants, the odds of obesity were lower in the ≥12-mo-BF participants (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.83; P = 0.004). In comparison with high-SSB participants, the odds of obesity were lower in the no-SSB participants (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.47, 1.00; P = 0.047). In comparison with the combined no-BF/high-SSB participants, the odds of obesity were lower in the ≥12-mo BF/no-SSB participants (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.80; P = 0.01). The results suggest that BF for ≥1 y and low SSB intake during the toddler years can have profound effects on reducing the prevalence of obesity in Hispanic toddlers.},

keywords = {breastfeeding, sugar},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20736487,

title = {Do neighbourhoods matter? Neighbourhood disorder and long-term trends in serum cortisol levels},

author = {A Dulin-Keita and K Casazza and J R Fernandez and M I Goran and B Gower},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {J Epidemiol Community Health},

volume = {66},

number = {1},

pages = {24--29},

abstract = {Characteristics associated with low socioeconomic status neighbourhoods may put children at risk for unique chronic stressors that affect cortisol levels. This research sought to explore whether neighbourhood stressor exposure affected serum cortisol levels among children. A total of 148 African and European-American children with an average age of 8.28 years participated in a longitudinal study evaluating ethnic differences in body composition and disease risk. Five waves of data were included in analyses. Mixed modelling was used to explore neighbourhood stressors, which was a composite index of five items for zip code level poverty and physical disorder, and serum cortisol outcomes for the full sample, by race/ethnicity and gender. Adjustments were made for individual level correlates age, pubertal status, gender and total fat mass. Neighborhood disorder was predictive of lower serum cortisol levels among African-American children (p<0.05), such that higher neighbourhood stressor exposure resulted in lower serum cortisol over time compared with individuals in socially ordered neighbourhoods. Neighbourhood disorder was marginally significant and predictive of higher serum cortisol among European-American children (p<0.10). Transition to a higher pubertal status, nested in age was also predictive of lower serum cortisol levels (p<0.01) among European-American children. Children who are exposed to negative socioenvironmental climates over time are more likely to have altered serum cortisol levels. This may be an adaptive mechanism to cope with stress; however, disrupted cortisol levels may have negative effects on general physical and mental health.},

keywords = {environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22911903,

title = {Adiposity in children and adolescents: correlates and clinical consequences of fat stored in specific body depots},

author = {P T Katzmarzyk and W Shen and A Baxter-Jones and J D Bell and N F Butte and E W Demerath and V Gilsanz and M I Goran and V Hirschler and H H Hu and C Maffeis and R M Malina and M J Miller and A Pietrobelli and J C Wells},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-00-01},

journal = {Pediatr Obes},

volume = {7},

number = {5},

pages = {42--61},

abstract = {The 2011 Pennington Biomedical Research Center's Scientific Symposium focused on adiposity in children and adolescents. The symposium was attended by 15 speakers and other invited experts. The specific objectives of the symposium were to (i) integrate the latest published and unpublished findings on the laboratory and clinical assessment of depot-specific adiposity in children and adolescents, (ii) understand the variation in depot-specific adiposity and related health outcomes associated with age, sex, maturation, ethnicity and other factors and (iii) identify opportunities for incorporating new markers of abdominal obesity into clinical practice guidelines for obesity in children and adolescents. This symposium provided an overview of important new advances in the field and identified directions for future research. The long-term goal of the symposium is to aid in the early identification of children and adolescents who are at increased health risk because of obesity and obesity-related conditions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22520361,

title = {Use of MRI and CŦ for fat imaging in children and youth: what have we learned about obesity, fat distribution and metabolic disease risk?},

author = {A Samara and E E Ventura and A A Alfadda and M I Goran},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-00-01},

journal = {Obes Rev},

volume = {13},

number = {8},

pages = {723--732},

abstract = {Childhood obesity is a matter of great concern for public health. Efforts have been made to understand its impact on health through advanced imaging techniques. An increasing number of studies focus on fat distribution and its associations with metabolic risk, in interaction with genetics, environment and ethnicity, in children. The present review is a qualitative synthesis of the existing literature on visceral and subcutaneous abdominal, intrahepatic and intramuscular fat. Our search revealed 80 original articles. Abdominal as well as ectopic fat depots are prevalent already in childhood and contribute to abnormal metabolic parameters, starting early in life. Visceral, hepatic and intramuscular fat seem to be interrelated but their patterns as well as their independent contribution on metabolic risk are not clear. Some ethnic-specific characteristics are also prevalent. These results encourage further research in childhood obesity by using imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. These imaging methods can provide a better understanding of fat distribution and its relationships with metabolic risk, compared to less detailed fat and obesity assessment. However, studies on bigger samples and with a prospective character are warranted.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid23814456,

title = {Increasing Physical Activity Đecreases Ħepatic Fat and Metabolic Risk Factors},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-00-01},

journal = {J Exerc Physiol Online},

volume = {15},

number = {2},

pages = {40--54},

abstract = {This study assessed the changes in time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on fat depots, insulin action, and inflammation. Longitudinal data were generated from 66 Hispanic adolescents (15.6±1.1 yr; BMI percentile 97.1±3.0) who participated in a 16-wk nutrition or nutrition+exercise intervention. There were no effects of the intervention on PA, but there were inter-individual changes in PA. For purposes of this analysis, all intervention groups were combined to assess how changes in PA during 16 wk affected changes in adiposity, insulin action, and markers of inflammation. MVPA was assessed by 7-day accelerometry, total body fat via DXA, liver fat by MRI, and insulin, glucose and HOMA-IR via a fasting blood draw. A repeated measures ANCOVA was used to assess the effect of MVPA on fat depots, insulin action, and inflammatory markers. Sixty-two percent of participants increased MVPA (mean increase, 19.7±16.5 min/day) and 38% decreased MVPA (mean decrease, 10.7±10.1 min/day). Those who increased MVPA by as little as 20 min per day over 16 wk, compared to those who decreased MVPA, had significant reductions in liver fat (-13% vs. +3%; P=0.01), leptin levels (-18% vs. +4%; P=0.02), and fasting insulin (-23% vs. +5%; P=0.05). These findings indicate that a modest increase in MVPA can improve metabolic health in sedentary overweight Hispanic adolescents.},

keywords = {liver fat, physical activity},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22434756,

title = {Influence of elevated liver fat on circulating adipocytokines and insulin resistance in obese Hispanic adolescents},

author = {J S Kim and K A Lê and S Mahurkar and J N Davis and M I Goran},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-00-01},

journal = {Pediatr Obes},

volume = {7},

number = {2},

pages = {158--164},

abstract = {We performed this study to examine the metabolic differences arising from higher liver fat accumulation in obese Hispanic adolescents, with a particular focus on circulating levels of adipocytokines and insulin resistance. Forty-one obese Hispanic adolescents (15.3 ± 1.0 years, body mass index percentile: 97.0 ± 3.9) were assessed for: visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) by magnetic resonance imaging; fasting measures of serum glucose, insulin and adipocytokines; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); and insulin sensitivity (SI) and the acute insulin response to glucose (AIR) by intravenous glucose tolerance test. Subjects with normal levels of HFF (below 5%; n = 25) were compared to those with HFF > 5% (n = 16). The two groups differing in HFF were similar for total body fat, VAT and SAT. The group with HFF > 5% had significantly (P < 0.05) higher interleukin-8 (IL-8) (6.1 ± 1.6 vs. 3.2 ± 0.4 pg mL(-1) ), NGF (30.2 ± 9.9 vs. 13.9 ± 1.6 pg mL(-1) ), HOMA-IR (8.8 ± 1.1 vs. 5.5 ± 0.5), AIR (1869 ± 206 vs. 1092 ± 165) and a tendency for lower SI (1.2 ± 0.4 vs. 2.1 ± 0.3; P = 0.06), with no significant differences in any of other factors measured. These data suggest that elevated liver fat is most closely associated with elevated serum IL-8 and NGF levels as well as increased AIR and HOMA-IR. These elevated factors may play significant roles in the metabolic abnormalities associated with elevated liver fat in obese Hispanics.},

keywords = {liver fat},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}