2021
Alderete TL Goodrich JA, Baumert BO
Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Glucose Homeostasis in Youth Environmental Health Perspectives Journal Article
In: 129 (9), 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{nokey,
title = {Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Glucose Homeostasis in Youth Environmental Health Perspectives },
author = {Goodrich JA, Alderete TL, Baumert BO, Berhane K, Chen Z, Gilliland FD, Goran MI, Hu X, Jones DP, Margetaki K, Rock S, Stratakis N, Valvi D, Walker DI, Conti DV & Chatzi L },
url = {https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP9200},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-01},
urldate = {2021-09-01},
volume = {129},
number = {9},
abstract = {Background:
Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a prevalent class of persistent pollutants, may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Objective:
We examined associations between PFAS exposure and glucose metabolism in youth.
Methods:
Overweight/obese adolescents from the Study of Latino Adolescents at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (SOLAR; n=310
) participated in annual visits for an average of 3.3±2.9y. Generalizability of findings were tested in young adults from the Southern California Children’s Health Study (CHS; n=135) who participated in a clinical visit with a similar protocol. At each visit, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed to estimate glucose metabolism and β-cell function via the insulinogenic index. Four PFAS were measured at baseline using liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry; high levels were defined as concentrations >66th
percentile.
Results:
In females from the SOLAR, high perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) levels (≥2.0 ng/mL
) were associated with the development of dysregulated glucose metabolism beginning in late puberty. The magnitude of these associations increased postpuberty and persisted through 18 years of age. For example, postpuberty, females with high PFHxS levels had 25-mg/dL higher 60-min glucose (95% CI: 12, 39mg/dL; p<0.0001), 15-mg/dL higher 2-h glucose (95% CI: 1, 28mg/dL; p=0.04), and 25% lower β-cell function (p=0.02) compared with females with low levels. Results were largely consistent in the CHS, where females with elevated PFHxS levels had 26-mg/dL higher 60-min glucose (95% CI: 6.0, 46mg/dL; p=0.01) and 19-mg/dL higher 2-h glucose, which did not meet statistical significance (95% CI: –1, 39mg/dL; p=0.08). In males, no consistent associations between PFHxS and glucose metabolism were observed. No consistent associations were observed for other PFAS and glucose metabolism.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background:
Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a prevalent class of persistent pollutants, may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Objective:
We examined associations between PFAS exposure and glucose metabolism in youth.
Methods:
Overweight/obese adolescents from the Study of Latino Adolescents at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (SOLAR; n=310
) participated in annual visits for an average of 3.3±2.9y. Generalizability of findings were tested in young adults from the Southern California Children’s Health Study (CHS; n=135) who participated in a clinical visit with a similar protocol. At each visit, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed to estimate glucose metabolism and β-cell function via the insulinogenic index. Four PFAS were measured at baseline using liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry; high levels were defined as concentrations >66th
percentile.
Results:
In females from the SOLAR, high perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) levels (≥2.0 ng/mL
) were associated with the development of dysregulated glucose metabolism beginning in late puberty. The magnitude of these associations increased postpuberty and persisted through 18 years of age. For example, postpuberty, females with high PFHxS levels had 25-mg/dL higher 60-min glucose (95% CI: 12, 39mg/dL; p<0.0001), 15-mg/dL higher 2-h glucose (95% CI: 1, 28mg/dL; p=0.04), and 25% lower β-cell function (p=0.02) compared with females with low levels. Results were largely consistent in the CHS, where females with elevated PFHxS levels had 26-mg/dL higher 60-min glucose (95% CI: 6.0, 46mg/dL; p=0.01) and 19-mg/dL higher 2-h glucose, which did not meet statistical significance (95% CI: –1, 39mg/dL; p=0.08). In males, no consistent associations between PFHxS and glucose metabolism were observed. No consistent associations were observed for other PFAS and glucose metabolism.
Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a prevalent class of persistent pollutants, may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Objective:
We examined associations between PFAS exposure and glucose metabolism in youth.
Methods:
Overweight/obese adolescents from the Study of Latino Adolescents at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (SOLAR; n=310
) participated in annual visits for an average of 3.3±2.9y. Generalizability of findings were tested in young adults from the Southern California Children’s Health Study (CHS; n=135) who participated in a clinical visit with a similar protocol. At each visit, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed to estimate glucose metabolism and β-cell function via the insulinogenic index. Four PFAS were measured at baseline using liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry; high levels were defined as concentrations >66th
percentile.
Results:
In females from the SOLAR, high perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) levels (≥2.0 ng/mL
) were associated with the development of dysregulated glucose metabolism beginning in late puberty. The magnitude of these associations increased postpuberty and persisted through 18 years of age. For example, postpuberty, females with high PFHxS levels had 25-mg/dL higher 60-min glucose (95% CI: 12, 39mg/dL; p<0.0001), 15-mg/dL higher 2-h glucose (95% CI: 1, 28mg/dL; p=0.04), and 25% lower β-cell function (p=0.02) compared with females with low levels. Results were largely consistent in the CHS, where females with elevated PFHxS levels had 26-mg/dL higher 60-min glucose (95% CI: 6.0, 46mg/dL; p=0.01) and 19-mg/dL higher 2-h glucose, which did not meet statistical significance (95% CI: –1, 39mg/dL; p=0.08). In males, no consistent associations between PFHxS and glucose metabolism were observed. No consistent associations were observed for other PFAS and glucose metabolism.
Jones RB Alderete TL, Shaffer JP
Early Life Gut Microbiota is Associated with Rapid Infant Growth in Hispanics from Southern California Gut Microbes Journal Article
In: 13 (1), 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{nokey,
title = {Early Life Gut Microbiota is Associated with Rapid Infant Growth in Hispanics from Southern California Gut Microbes },
author = {Alderete TL, Jones RB, Shaffer JP, Patterson WB, Kazemian E, Chatzi L, Conti DV, Eckel S, Knight R, Walker DI, Plows JF, Berger PK & Goran MI },
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19490976.2021.1961203},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-08-23},
urldate = {2021-08-23},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
abstract = {We aimed to determine if the newborn gut microbiota is an underlying determinant of early life growth trajectories. 132 Hispanic infants were recruited at 1-month postpartum. The infant gut microbiome was characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Rapid infant growth was defined as a weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) change greater than 0.67 between birth and 12-months of age. Measures of infant growth included change in WAZ, weight-for-length z-score (WLZ), and body mass index (BMI) z-scores from birth to 12-months and infant anthropometrics at 12-months (weight, skinfold thickness). Of the 132 infants, 40% had rapid growth in the first year of life. Multiple metrics of alpha-diversity predicted rapid infant growth, including a higher Shannon diversity (OR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.07–3.29; p = .03), Faith’s phylogenic diversity (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.05–1.94; p = .03), and richness (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.08; p = .02). Many of these alpha-diversity metrics were also positively associated with increases in WAZ, WLZ, and BMI z-scores from birth to 12-months (pall<0.05). Importantly, we identified subsets of microbial consortia whose abundance were correlated with these same measures of infant growth. We also found that rapid growers were enriched in multiple taxa belonging to genera such as Acinetobacter, Collinsella, Enterococcus, Neisseria, and Parabacteroides. Moreover, measures of the newborn gut microbiota explained up to an additional 5% of the variance in rapid growth beyond known clinical predictors (R2 = 0.37 vs. 0.32, p < .01). These findings indicate that a more mature gut microbiota, characterized by increased alpha-diversity, at as early as 1-month of age, may influence infant growth trajectories in the first year of life.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We aimed to determine if the newborn gut microbiota is an underlying determinant of early life growth trajectories. 132 Hispanic infants were recruited at 1-month postpartum. The infant gut microbiome was characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Rapid infant growth was defined as a weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) change greater than 0.67 between birth and 12-months of age. Measures of infant growth included change in WAZ, weight-for-length z-score (WLZ), and body mass index (BMI) z-scores from birth to 12-months and infant anthropometrics at 12-months (weight, skinfold thickness). Of the 132 infants, 40% had rapid growth in the first year of life. Multiple metrics of alpha-diversity predicted rapid infant growth, including a higher Shannon diversity (OR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.07–3.29; p = .03), Faith’s phylogenic diversity (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.05–1.94; p = .03), and richness (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.08; p = .02). Many of these alpha-diversity metrics were also positively associated with increases in WAZ, WLZ, and BMI z-scores from birth to 12-months (pall<0.05). Importantly, we identified subsets of microbial consortia whose abundance were correlated with these same measures of infant growth. We also found that rapid growers were enriched in multiple taxa belonging to genera such as Acinetobacter, Collinsella, Enterococcus, Neisseria, and Parabacteroides. Moreover, measures of the newborn gut microbiota explained up to an additional 5% of the variance in rapid growth beyond known clinical predictors (R2 = 0.37 vs. 0.32, p < .01). These findings indicate that a more mature gut microbiota, characterized by increased alpha-diversity, at as early as 1-month of age, may influence infant growth trajectories in the first year of life.
Monk C Berger PK, Bansal R
Association of Prenatal Sugar Consumption with Newborn Brain Tissue Organization Nutrients Journal Article
In: 13 (7), 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{nokey,
title = {Association of Prenatal Sugar Consumption with Newborn Brain Tissue Organization Nutrients },
author = {Berger PK, Monk C, Bansal R, Sawardekar S, Goran MI & Peterson },
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/7/2435},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-07-16},
urldate = {2021-07-16},
volume = {13},
number = {7},
abstract = {Animal studies have shown that exposure to excess sugar during the prenatal and postnatal periods may alter early brain structure in rat pups. However, evidence in humans is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine associations of maternal total and added sugar intake in pregnancy with early brain tissue organization in infants. Adolescent mothers (n = 41) were recruited during pregnancy and completed 24 h dietary recalls during the second trimester. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed on infants using a 3.0 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner at 3 weeks. Maps of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were constructed. A multiple linear regression was used to examine voxel-wise associations across the brain. Adjusting for postmenstrual age, sex, birth weight, and total energy intake revealed that maternal total and added sugar consumption were associated inversely and diffusely with infant MD values, not FA values. Inverse associations were distributed throughout all of the cortical mantle, including the posterior periphery (Bs = −6.78 to −0.57, Ps < 0.001) and frontal lobe (Bs = −4.72 to −0.77, Ps ≤ 0.002). Our findings suggest that maternal total and added sugar intake during the second trimester are significantly associated with features of brain tissue organization in infants, the foundation for future functional outcomes},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Animal studies have shown that exposure to excess sugar during the prenatal and postnatal periods may alter early brain structure in rat pups. However, evidence in humans is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine associations of maternal total and added sugar intake in pregnancy with early brain tissue organization in infants. Adolescent mothers (n = 41) were recruited during pregnancy and completed 24 h dietary recalls during the second trimester. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed on infants using a 3.0 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner at 3 weeks. Maps of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were constructed. A multiple linear regression was used to examine voxel-wise associations across the brain. Adjusting for postmenstrual age, sex, birth weight, and total energy intake revealed that maternal total and added sugar consumption were associated inversely and diffusely with infant MD values, not FA values. Inverse associations were distributed throughout all of the cortical mantle, including the posterior periphery (Bs = −6.78 to −0.57, Ps < 0.001) and frontal lobe (Bs = −4.72 to −0.77, Ps ≤ 0.002). Our findings suggest that maternal total and added sugar intake during the second trimester are significantly associated with features of brain tissue organization in infants, the foundation for future functional outcomes
Hieronimus B Sigala DM, Price CA
In: 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{nokey,
title = {Consuming Sucrose- or High Fructose Corn Syrup-Sweetened Beverages Increases Hepatic Lipid Content and Decreases Insulin Sensitivity in Adults The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism},
author = {Sigala DM, Hieronimus B, Price CA, Lee V, Nunez MV, Medici V, Bremer AA, Chaudhari AJ, McGhan JP, Abdelhafez Y, Keim NN, Goran MI, Pacini G, Tura A, Sirlin CB, Havel PJ & Stanhope KL },
url = { https://academic.oup.com/jcem/advance-article/doi/10.1210/clinem/dgab508/6321747},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-07-15},
urldate = {2021-07-15},
abstract = {Context
Studies in rodents and humans suggest that high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)–sweetened diets promote greater metabolic dysfunction than sucrose-sweetened diets.
Objective
To compare the effects of consuming sucrose-sweetened beverage (SB), HFCS-SB, or a control beverage sweetened with aspartame on metabolic outcomes in humans.
Methods
A parallel, double-blinded, NIH-funded study. Experimental procedures were conducted during 3.5 days of inpatient residence with controlled feeding at a research clinic before (baseline) and after a 12-day outpatient intervention period. Seventy-five adults (18-40 years) were assigned to beverage groups matched for sex, body mass index (18-35 kg/m2), and fasting triglyceride, lipoprotein and insulin concentrations. The intervention was 3 servings/day of sucrose- or HFCS-SB providing 25% of energy requirement or aspartame-SB, consumed for 16 days. Main outcome measures were %hepatic lipid, Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and Predicted M ISI.
Results
Sucrose-SB increased %hepatic lipid (absolute change: 0.6 ± 0.2%) compared with aspartame-SB (-0.2 ± 0.2%, P < 0.05) and compared with baseline (P < 0.001). HFCS-SB increased %hepatic lipid compared with baseline (0.4 ± 0.2%, P < 0.05). Compared with aspartame-SB, Matsuda ISI decreased after consumption of HFCS- (P < 0.01) and sucrose-SB (P < 0.01), and Predicted M ISI decreased after consumption of HFCS-SB (P < 0.05). Sucrose- and HFCS-SB increased plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, and uric acid compared with aspartame-SB. No outcomes were differentially affected by sucrose- compared with HFCS-SB. Beverage group effects remained significant when analyses were adjusted for changes in body weight.
Conclusion
Consumption of both sucrose- and HFCS-SB induced detrimental changes in hepatic lipid, insulin sensitivity, and circulating lipids, lipoproteins and uric acid in 2 weeks.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Context
Studies in rodents and humans suggest that high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)–sweetened diets promote greater metabolic dysfunction than sucrose-sweetened diets.
Objective
To compare the effects of consuming sucrose-sweetened beverage (SB), HFCS-SB, or a control beverage sweetened with aspartame on metabolic outcomes in humans.
Methods
A parallel, double-blinded, NIH-funded study. Experimental procedures were conducted during 3.5 days of inpatient residence with controlled feeding at a research clinic before (baseline) and after a 12-day outpatient intervention period. Seventy-five adults (18-40 years) were assigned to beverage groups matched for sex, body mass index (18-35 kg/m2), and fasting triglyceride, lipoprotein and insulin concentrations. The intervention was 3 servings/day of sucrose- or HFCS-SB providing 25% of energy requirement or aspartame-SB, consumed for 16 days. Main outcome measures were %hepatic lipid, Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and Predicted M ISI.
Results
Sucrose-SB increased %hepatic lipid (absolute change: 0.6 ± 0.2%) compared with aspartame-SB (-0.2 ± 0.2%, P < 0.05) and compared with baseline (P < 0.001). HFCS-SB increased %hepatic lipid compared with baseline (0.4 ± 0.2%, P < 0.05). Compared with aspartame-SB, Matsuda ISI decreased after consumption of HFCS- (P < 0.01) and sucrose-SB (P < 0.01), and Predicted M ISI decreased after consumption of HFCS-SB (P < 0.05). Sucrose- and HFCS-SB increased plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, and uric acid compared with aspartame-SB. No outcomes were differentially affected by sucrose- compared with HFCS-SB. Beverage group effects remained significant when analyses were adjusted for changes in body weight.
Conclusion
Consumption of both sucrose- and HFCS-SB induced detrimental changes in hepatic lipid, insulin sensitivity, and circulating lipids, lipoproteins and uric acid in 2 weeks.
Studies in rodents and humans suggest that high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)–sweetened diets promote greater metabolic dysfunction than sucrose-sweetened diets.
Objective
To compare the effects of consuming sucrose-sweetened beverage (SB), HFCS-SB, or a control beverage sweetened with aspartame on metabolic outcomes in humans.
Methods
A parallel, double-blinded, NIH-funded study. Experimental procedures were conducted during 3.5 days of inpatient residence with controlled feeding at a research clinic before (baseline) and after a 12-day outpatient intervention period. Seventy-five adults (18-40 years) were assigned to beverage groups matched for sex, body mass index (18-35 kg/m2), and fasting triglyceride, lipoprotein and insulin concentrations. The intervention was 3 servings/day of sucrose- or HFCS-SB providing 25% of energy requirement or aspartame-SB, consumed for 16 days. Main outcome measures were %hepatic lipid, Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and Predicted M ISI.
Results
Sucrose-SB increased %hepatic lipid (absolute change: 0.6 ± 0.2%) compared with aspartame-SB (-0.2 ± 0.2%, P < 0.05) and compared with baseline (P < 0.001). HFCS-SB increased %hepatic lipid compared with baseline (0.4 ± 0.2%, P < 0.05). Compared with aspartame-SB, Matsuda ISI decreased after consumption of HFCS- (P < 0.01) and sucrose-SB (P < 0.01), and Predicted M ISI decreased after consumption of HFCS-SB (P < 0.05). Sucrose- and HFCS-SB increased plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, and uric acid compared with aspartame-SB. No outcomes were differentially affected by sucrose- compared with HFCS-SB. Beverage group effects remained significant when analyses were adjusted for changes in body weight.
Conclusion
Consumption of both sucrose- and HFCS-SB induced detrimental changes in hepatic lipid, insulin sensitivity, and circulating lipids, lipoproteins and uric acid in 2 weeks.
Arenaza L Jones RB, Rios C
In: 13 (6), 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{nokey,
title = {PNPLA3 Genotype, Arachadonic Acid Intake and Unsaturated Fat Intake Acid Intake Influences Liver Fibrosis in Hispanic Youth with Obesity Nutrients },
author = {Jones RB, Arenaza L, Rios C, Plows JF, Berger PK, Alderete TA, Fogel J, Nayak K, Mohamed P, Hwang D, Palmer S, Sinatra F, Allayee HA, Kohli R & Goran MI },
url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051621},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-05-12},
urldate = {2021-05-12},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
abstract = {Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease impacts 15.2% of Hispanic adolescents and can progress to a build-up of scared tissue called liver fibrosis. If diagnosed early, liver fibrosis may be reversible, so it is necessary to understand risk factors. The aims of this study in 59 Hispanic adolescents with obesity were to: (1) identify potential biological predictors of liver fibrosis and dietary components that influence liver fibrosis, and (2) determine if the association between dietary components and liver fibrosis differs by PNPLA3 genotype, which is highly prevalent in Hispanic adolescents and associated with elevated liver fat. We examined liver fat and fibrosis, genotyped for PNPLA3 gene, and assessed diet via 24-h diet recalls. The prevalence of increased fibrosis was 20.9% greater in males, whereas participants with the GG genotype showed 23.7% greater prevalence. Arachidonic acid was associated with liver fibrosis after accounting for sex, genotype, and liver fat (β = 0.072, p = 0.033). Intakes of several dietary types of unsaturated fat have different associations with liver fibrosis by PNPLA3 genotype after accounting for sex, caloric intake, and liver fat. These included monounsaturated fat (βCC/CG = −0.0007, βGG = 0.03, p-value = 0.004), polyunsaturated fat (βCC/CG = −0.01, βGG = 0.02, p-value = 0.01), and omega-6 (βCC/CG = −0.0102, βGG = 0.028, p-value = 0.01). Results from this study suggest that reduction of arachidonic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake might be important for the prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression, especially among those with PNPLA3 risk alleles.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease impacts 15.2% of Hispanic adolescents and can progress to a build-up of scared tissue called liver fibrosis. If diagnosed early, liver fibrosis may be reversible, so it is necessary to understand risk factors. The aims of this study in 59 Hispanic adolescents with obesity were to: (1) identify potential biological predictors of liver fibrosis and dietary components that influence liver fibrosis, and (2) determine if the association between dietary components and liver fibrosis differs by PNPLA3 genotype, which is highly prevalent in Hispanic adolescents and associated with elevated liver fat. We examined liver fat and fibrosis, genotyped for PNPLA3 gene, and assessed diet via 24-h diet recalls. The prevalence of increased fibrosis was 20.9% greater in males, whereas participants with the GG genotype showed 23.7% greater prevalence. Arachidonic acid was associated with liver fibrosis after accounting for sex, genotype, and liver fat (β = 0.072, p = 0.033). Intakes of several dietary types of unsaturated fat have different associations with liver fibrosis by PNPLA3 genotype after accounting for sex, caloric intake, and liver fat. These included monounsaturated fat (βCC/CG = −0.0007, βGG = 0.03, p-value = 0.004), polyunsaturated fat (βCC/CG = −0.01, βGG = 0.02, p-value = 0.01), and omega-6 (βCC/CG = −0.0102, βGG = 0.028, p-value = 0.01). Results from this study suggest that reduction of arachidonic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake might be important for the prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression, especially among those with PNPLA3 risk alleles.
Moore HR Sylvetsky AC, Kaidbey JH
In: 106 , 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{nokey,
title = {Rationale and design of DRINK-T1D: A Randomized Clinical Trial of effects of Low-Calorie Sweetener Restriction in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Contemporary Clinical Trials},
author = {Sylvetsky AC, Moore HR, Kaidbey JH, Halberg SE, Cogen FR, DiPetro L, Elmi A, Goran MI & Streisand R },
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551714421001671},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-05-08},
urldate = {2021-05-08},
volume = {106},
abstract = {Background
Low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) provide sweetness without sugar or calories and are used to replace added sugars by many children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the role of LCSs in diabetes management and cardiometabolic health is unclear.
Objective
The Diabetes Research in Kids Study (DRINK-T1D) aims to investigate effects of LCS restriction on glycemic variability, visceral adiposity, lipid profiles, and systemic inflammation among children 6–12 years old with T1D.
Methods
Children with T1D, who report habitual consumption of foods and beverages containing LCSs, are recruited from the Washington Nationals Diabetes Care Complex (DCC) at Children's National Hospital (CNH) in Washington, DC. Following a phone screening and two-week run-in period involving continuation of usual LCS intake, children are randomized to 12 weeks of LCS restriction (replacement of diet beverages with still or sparkling water and avoidance of other sources of LCSs) or continued usual LCS intake (control). The primary outcome is the difference in change in glycemic variability in the LCS restriction group versus the control group. Change in glycemic variability will be assessed as the difference in daily average time-in-range (TIR), measured using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) during two weeks at the end of the 12-week intervention, compared with during the two-week run-in period prior to randomization. Participants also complete a variety of anthropometric, metabolic, dietary, and behavioral assessments throughout the 14-week study.
Conclusions
DRINK-T1D is an innovative, randomized controlled trial, evaluating effects of LCS restriction on glycemic variability and cardiometabolic health in children with T1D. Findings of DRINK-T1D will support or challenge the common practice of recommending LCS use in this patient population and will have clinically relevant implications for pediatric T1D management.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background
Low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) provide sweetness without sugar or calories and are used to replace added sugars by many children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the role of LCSs in diabetes management and cardiometabolic health is unclear.
Objective
The Diabetes Research in Kids Study (DRINK-T1D) aims to investigate effects of LCS restriction on glycemic variability, visceral adiposity, lipid profiles, and systemic inflammation among children 6–12 years old with T1D.
Methods
Children with T1D, who report habitual consumption of foods and beverages containing LCSs, are recruited from the Washington Nationals Diabetes Care Complex (DCC) at Children's National Hospital (CNH) in Washington, DC. Following a phone screening and two-week run-in period involving continuation of usual LCS intake, children are randomized to 12 weeks of LCS restriction (replacement of diet beverages with still or sparkling water and avoidance of other sources of LCSs) or continued usual LCS intake (control). The primary outcome is the difference in change in glycemic variability in the LCS restriction group versus the control group. Change in glycemic variability will be assessed as the difference in daily average time-in-range (TIR), measured using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) during two weeks at the end of the 12-week intervention, compared with during the two-week run-in period prior to randomization. Participants also complete a variety of anthropometric, metabolic, dietary, and behavioral assessments throughout the 14-week study.
Conclusions
DRINK-T1D is an innovative, randomized controlled trial, evaluating effects of LCS restriction on glycemic variability and cardiometabolic health in children with T1D. Findings of DRINK-T1D will support or challenge the common practice of recommending LCS use in this patient population and will have clinically relevant implications for pediatric T1D management.
Low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) provide sweetness without sugar or calories and are used to replace added sugars by many children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the role of LCSs in diabetes management and cardiometabolic health is unclear.
Objective
The Diabetes Research in Kids Study (DRINK-T1D) aims to investigate effects of LCS restriction on glycemic variability, visceral adiposity, lipid profiles, and systemic inflammation among children 6–12 years old with T1D.
Methods
Children with T1D, who report habitual consumption of foods and beverages containing LCSs, are recruited from the Washington Nationals Diabetes Care Complex (DCC) at Children's National Hospital (CNH) in Washington, DC. Following a phone screening and two-week run-in period involving continuation of usual LCS intake, children are randomized to 12 weeks of LCS restriction (replacement of diet beverages with still or sparkling water and avoidance of other sources of LCSs) or continued usual LCS intake (control). The primary outcome is the difference in change in glycemic variability in the LCS restriction group versus the control group. Change in glycemic variability will be assessed as the difference in daily average time-in-range (TIR), measured using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) during two weeks at the end of the 12-week intervention, compared with during the two-week run-in period prior to randomization. Participants also complete a variety of anthropometric, metabolic, dietary, and behavioral assessments throughout the 14-week study.
Conclusions
DRINK-T1D is an innovative, randomized controlled trial, evaluating effects of LCS restriction on glycemic variability and cardiometabolic health in children with T1D. Findings of DRINK-T1D will support or challenge the common practice of recommending LCS use in this patient population and will have clinically relevant implications for pediatric T1D management.
Alderete TL Toledo-Corral CM, Herting M
Ambient air pollutants are associated with morning serum cortisol in overweight and obese Latino youth in Los Angeles Environmental Health Journal Article
In: 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{nokey,
title = {Ambient air pollutants are associated with morning serum cortisol in overweight and obese Latino youth in Los Angeles Environmental Health},
author = {Toledo-Corral CM, Alderete TL, Herting M, Habre R, Peterson A, Lurmann F, Goran MI, Weigensberg MJ & Gilliland FD },
url = {https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-021-00713-2},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-04-08},
urldate = {2021-04-08},
abstract = {Background
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis dysfunction has been associated with a variety of mental health and cardio-metabolic disorders. While causal models of HPA-axis dysregulation have been largely focused on either pre-existing health conditions or psychosocial stress factors, recent evidence suggests a possible role for central nervous system activation via air pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM). Therefore, in an observational study of Latino youth, we investigated if monthly ambient NO2, O3, and PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure were associated with morning serum cortisol levels.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, morning serum cortisol level was assessed after a supervised overnight fast in 203 overweight and obese Latino children and adolescents (female/male: 88/115; mean age: 11.1 ± 1.7 years; pre-pubertal/pubertal/post-pubertal: 85/101/17; BMI z-score: 2.1 ± 0.4). Cumulative concentrations of NO2, O3 and PM2.5 were spatially interpolated at the residential addresses based on measurements from community monitors up to 12 months prior to testing. Single and multi-pollutant linear effects models were used to test the cumulative monthly lag effects of NO2, O3, and PM2.5 on morning serum cortisol levels after adjusting for age, sex, seasonality, social position, pubertal status, and body fat percent by DEXA.
Results
Single and multi-pollutant models showed that higher O3 exposure (derived from maximum 8-h exposure windows) in the prior 1–7 months was associated with higher serum morning cortisol (p < 0.05) and longer term PM2.5 exposure (4–10 months) was associated with lower serum morning cortisol levels (p < 0.05). Stratification by pubertal status showed associations in pre-pubertal children compared to pubertal and post-pubertal children. Single, but not multi-pollutant, models showed that higher NO2 over the 4–10 month exposure period associated with lower morning serum cortisol (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
Chronic ambient NO2, O3 and PM2.5 differentially associate with HPA-axis dysfunction, a mechanism that may serve as an explanatory pathway in the relationship between ambient air pollution and metabolic health of youth living in polluted urban environments. Further research that uncovers how ambient air pollutants may differentially contribute to HPA-axis dysfunction are warranted.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis dysfunction has been associated with a variety of mental health and cardio-metabolic disorders. While causal models of HPA-axis dysregulation have been largely focused on either pre-existing health conditions or psychosocial stress factors, recent evidence suggests a possible role for central nervous system activation via air pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM). Therefore, in an observational study of Latino youth, we investigated if monthly ambient NO2, O3, and PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure were associated with morning serum cortisol levels.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, morning serum cortisol level was assessed after a supervised overnight fast in 203 overweight and obese Latino children and adolescents (female/male: 88/115; mean age: 11.1 ± 1.7 years; pre-pubertal/pubertal/post-pubertal: 85/101/17; BMI z-score: 2.1 ± 0.4). Cumulative concentrations of NO2, O3 and PM2.5 were spatially interpolated at the residential addresses based on measurements from community monitors up to 12 months prior to testing. Single and multi-pollutant linear effects models were used to test the cumulative monthly lag effects of NO2, O3, and PM2.5 on morning serum cortisol levels after adjusting for age, sex, seasonality, social position, pubertal status, and body fat percent by DEXA.
Results
Single and multi-pollutant models showed that higher O3 exposure (derived from maximum 8-h exposure windows) in the prior 1–7 months was associated with higher serum morning cortisol (p < 0.05) and longer term PM2.5 exposure (4–10 months) was associated with lower serum morning cortisol levels (p < 0.05). Stratification by pubertal status showed associations in pre-pubertal children compared to pubertal and post-pubertal children. Single, but not multi-pollutant, models showed that higher NO2 over the 4–10 month exposure period associated with lower morning serum cortisol (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
Chronic ambient NO2, O3 and PM2.5 differentially associate with HPA-axis dysfunction, a mechanism that may serve as an explanatory pathway in the relationship between ambient air pollution and metabolic health of youth living in polluted urban environments. Further research that uncovers how ambient air pollutants may differentially contribute to HPA-axis dysfunction are warranted.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis dysfunction has been associated with a variety of mental health and cardio-metabolic disorders. While causal models of HPA-axis dysregulation have been largely focused on either pre-existing health conditions or psychosocial stress factors, recent evidence suggests a possible role for central nervous system activation via air pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM). Therefore, in an observational study of Latino youth, we investigated if monthly ambient NO2, O3, and PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure were associated with morning serum cortisol levels.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, morning serum cortisol level was assessed after a supervised overnight fast in 203 overweight and obese Latino children and adolescents (female/male: 88/115; mean age: 11.1 ± 1.7 years; pre-pubertal/pubertal/post-pubertal: 85/101/17; BMI z-score: 2.1 ± 0.4). Cumulative concentrations of NO2, O3 and PM2.5 were spatially interpolated at the residential addresses based on measurements from community monitors up to 12 months prior to testing. Single and multi-pollutant linear effects models were used to test the cumulative monthly lag effects of NO2, O3, and PM2.5 on morning serum cortisol levels after adjusting for age, sex, seasonality, social position, pubertal status, and body fat percent by DEXA.
Results
Single and multi-pollutant models showed that higher O3 exposure (derived from maximum 8-h exposure windows) in the prior 1–7 months was associated with higher serum morning cortisol (p < 0.05) and longer term PM2.5 exposure (4–10 months) was associated with lower serum morning cortisol levels (p < 0.05). Stratification by pubertal status showed associations in pre-pubertal children compared to pubertal and post-pubertal children. Single, but not multi-pollutant, models showed that higher NO2 over the 4–10 month exposure period associated with lower morning serum cortisol (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
Chronic ambient NO2, O3 and PM2.5 differentially associate with HPA-axis dysfunction, a mechanism that may serve as an explanatory pathway in the relationship between ambient air pollution and metabolic health of youth living in polluted urban environments. Further research that uncovers how ambient air pollutants may differentially contribute to HPA-axis dysfunction are warranted.
Jones RB Plows JF, Berger PK
In: 151 (4), pp. 876–882, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{nokey,
title = {Changes in individual human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) concentrations over the course of lactation in a prospective cohort of Hispanic mother-infant pairs Journal of Nutrition},
author = {Plows JF, Jones RB, Berger PK, Alderete TL, Bode L & Goran MI Changes },
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33693851/},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-09},
urldate = {2021-03-09},
volume = {151},
number = {4},
pages = {876–882},
abstract = {
Background: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex glycans that are highly abundant in human milk. While over 150 HMOs have been identified, it is unknown how individual HMOs change in concentration over 24 months of lactation.
Objectives: To understand how HMO concentrations change over 24 months of lactation.
Methods: Breast milk samples were collected from participants in a longitudinal cohort study of Hispanic mother-infant pairs at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postpartum. Concentrations of 19 of the most abundant HMOs were measured using HPLC. Because the parent study is ongoing and not all participants have finished all time points yet, the sample sizes ranged per time point (n = 207 at 1 month; n = 109 at 6 months; n = 83 at 12 months; n = 59 at 18 months; and n = 28 at 24 months). Approximately 88% of participants were classified as HMO secretors-a genetic factor that affects concentrations of HMOs such as 2'fucosyllactose (2'FL) and lacto-N-fucopentaose I-while the remaining 12% were classified as nonsecretors. Mixed models were used to examine changes in HMO concentrations and relative abundances over the course of lactation.
Results: The majority of HMOs significantly decreased in concentration over the course of lactation. The exceptions were 2'FL, sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose b, and disialyl-lacto-N-tetraose, which did not change with time, and 3-fucosyllactose (3FL) and 3'-sialyllactose (3'SL), which significantly increased. The concentration of 3FL increased 10-fold, from 195 (IQR 138-415) μg/mL at 1 month to 1930 (1100-2630) μg/mL at 24 months, while 3'SL increased 2-fold, from 277 (198-377) μg/mL to 568 (448-708) μg/mL over the same time period.
Conclusions: These results indicate that HMOs do not decrease in concentration uniformly across lactation. In particular, 3FL and 3'SL increased over the course of lactation in this cohort. Future studies are required to fully understand the functions of these HMOs.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex glycans that are highly abundant in human milk. While over 150 HMOs have been identified, it is unknown how individual HMOs change in concentration over 24 months of lactation.
Objectives: To understand how HMO concentrations change over 24 months of lactation.
Methods: Breast milk samples were collected from participants in a longitudinal cohort study of Hispanic mother-infant pairs at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postpartum. Concentrations of 19 of the most abundant HMOs were measured using HPLC. Because the parent study is ongoing and not all participants have finished all time points yet, the sample sizes ranged per time point (n = 207 at 1 month; n = 109 at 6 months; n = 83 at 12 months; n = 59 at 18 months; and n = 28 at 24 months). Approximately 88% of participants were classified as HMO secretors-a genetic factor that affects concentrations of HMOs such as 2'fucosyllactose (2'FL) and lacto-N-fucopentaose I-while the remaining 12% were classified as nonsecretors. Mixed models were used to examine changes in HMO concentrations and relative abundances over the course of lactation.
Results: The majority of HMOs significantly decreased in concentration over the course of lactation. The exceptions were 2'FL, sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose b, and disialyl-lacto-N-tetraose, which did not change with time, and 3-fucosyllactose (3FL) and 3'-sialyllactose (3'SL), which significantly increased. The concentration of 3FL increased 10-fold, from 195 (IQR 138-415) μg/mL at 1 month to 1930 (1100-2630) μg/mL at 24 months, while 3'SL increased 2-fold, from 277 (198-377) μg/mL to 568 (448-708) μg/mL over the same time period.
Conclusions: These results indicate that HMOs do not decrease in concentration uniformly across lactation. In particular, 3FL and 3'SL increased over the course of lactation in this cohort. Future studies are required to fully understand the functions of these HMOs.
Alderete TL Wild LE, Naik NN
In: 9 (4), pp. 1842-1850, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{nokey,
title = {Specific Amino Acids but not Total Protein Attenuate Postpartum Weight Gain Among Hispanic Women from Southern California Food Science and Nutrition},
author = {Wild LE, Alderete TL, Naik NN, Patterson WB, Jones RB, Berger PK, Plows JF & Goran MI.},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fsn3.2085},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-02-13},
urldate = {2021-02-13},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {1842-1850},
abstract = {There is a high prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the United States, particularly among Hispanic women, which may be partly explained by failure to lose gestational weight during the postpartum period. Previous work indicates that protein and amino acids may protect against weight gain; therefore, this study examined the impact of dietary protein and amino acid intake on changes in postpartum weight and the percent of women meeting the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for these dietary variables among Hispanic women from the Southern California Mother's Milk Study (n = 99). Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to examine the associations between protein and amino acid intake with change in weight after adjusting for maternal age, height, and energy intake. Women's weight increased from prepregnancy to 1-month and 6-months postpartum (71.1 ± 14.6 vs. 73.1 ± 13.1 vs. 74.5 ± 14.6 kg, p < .0001). Although dietary protein was not associated with weight change (β = −1.09; p = .13), phenylalanine (β = −1.46; p = .04), tryptophan (β = −1.71; p = .009), valine (β = −1.34; p = .04), isoleucine (β = −1.26; p = .045), and cysteine (β = −1.52; p = .02) intake were inversely associated with weight change. Additionally, fewer women met the EAR values for cysteine (11.1%), phenylalanine (60.6%), and methionine (69.7%), whereas most women met the EAR values for tryptophan (92.9%), valine (96.0%), and isoleucine (94.9%). Study results indicate that several essential and conditionally essential amino acids were associated with postpartum weight loss, with a significant portion of women not meeting recommended intake levels for some of these amino acids. These results highlight the importance of postpartum maternal diet as a potential modifiable risk factor.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
There is a high prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the United States, particularly among Hispanic women, which may be partly explained by failure to lose gestational weight during the postpartum period. Previous work indicates that protein and amino acids may protect against weight gain; therefore, this study examined the impact of dietary protein and amino acid intake on changes in postpartum weight and the percent of women meeting the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for these dietary variables among Hispanic women from the Southern California Mother's Milk Study (n = 99). Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to examine the associations between protein and amino acid intake with change in weight after adjusting for maternal age, height, and energy intake. Women's weight increased from prepregnancy to 1-month and 6-months postpartum (71.1 ± 14.6 vs. 73.1 ± 13.1 vs. 74.5 ± 14.6 kg, p < .0001). Although dietary protein was not associated with weight change (β = −1.09; p = .13), phenylalanine (β = −1.46; p = .04), tryptophan (β = −1.71; p = .009), valine (β = −1.34; p = .04), isoleucine (β = −1.26; p = .045), and cysteine (β = −1.52; p = .02) intake were inversely associated with weight change. Additionally, fewer women met the EAR values for cysteine (11.1%), phenylalanine (60.6%), and methionine (69.7%), whereas most women met the EAR values for tryptophan (92.9%), valine (96.0%), and isoleucine (94.9%). Study results indicate that several essential and conditionally essential amino acids were associated with postpartum weight loss, with a significant portion of women not meeting recommended intake levels for some of these amino acids. These results highlight the importance of postpartum maternal diet as a potential modifiable risk factor.
2020
Jones RB Vidmar AP, Wee CP
Timing of Food Consumption in Hispanic Adolescents with Obesity Pediatric Obesity Journal Article
In: 16 (7), 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{nokey,
title = {Timing of Food Consumption in Hispanic Adolescents with Obesity Pediatric Obesity},
author = {Vidmar AP, Jones RB, Wee CP, Berger PK, Plows JF, Rios C, Raymond JK & Goran MI },
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ijpo.12764},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-12-28},
urldate = {2020-12-28},
volume = {16},
number = {7},
abstract = {Summary
Background
Little is known about the normal eating time periods in adolescents with obesity and how these patterns change throughout development. As the obesity epidemic continues to rise in adolescence, it becomes imperative to understand developmentally appropriate eating behaviours and to create weight management strategies that build on those innate patterns and preferences. The purpose of this study was to determine the most common habitual eating windows observed in adolescents with obesity.
Methods
Participants were 101 Hispanic adolescents (mean age 14.8 ± 2.1 years; 48 male/53 female) with obesity (BMI ≥95th percentile) who were recruited as part of a larger clinical trial. Dietary intake and meal timing was determined using multiple pass 24-hours recalls. Histograms were utilized to determine the natural distribution of percent consumption of total kilocalories, carbohydrates and added sugar per hour.
Results
The majority of total kilocalories (65.4%), carbohydrates (65.3%) and added sugar (59.1%) occurred between 11:00 and 19:00. Adolescents were 2.5 to 2.9 times more likely to consume kilocalories, carbohydrates, and added sugar during the 8-hour window between 11:00 am and 19:00 pm than other time windows examined (all P < .001). The consumption of these calories did not differ between weekdays and weekend (P > .05) or by sex.
Conclusions
In this cohort, more than 60% of calories, carbohydrates and added sugar were consumed between 11:00 am and 19:00 pm, which is concordant with an afternoon/evening chronotype that is common in adolescents. Our findings support this 8-hour period as a practical window for weight loss interventions that target pre-specified eating periods in this population.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Summary
Background
Little is known about the normal eating time periods in adolescents with obesity and how these patterns change throughout development. As the obesity epidemic continues to rise in adolescence, it becomes imperative to understand developmentally appropriate eating behaviours and to create weight management strategies that build on those innate patterns and preferences. The purpose of this study was to determine the most common habitual eating windows observed in adolescents with obesity.
Methods
Participants were 101 Hispanic adolescents (mean age 14.8 ± 2.1 years; 48 male/53 female) with obesity (BMI ≥95th percentile) who were recruited as part of a larger clinical trial. Dietary intake and meal timing was determined using multiple pass 24-hours recalls. Histograms were utilized to determine the natural distribution of percent consumption of total kilocalories, carbohydrates and added sugar per hour.
Results
The majority of total kilocalories (65.4%), carbohydrates (65.3%) and added sugar (59.1%) occurred between 11:00 and 19:00. Adolescents were 2.5 to 2.9 times more likely to consume kilocalories, carbohydrates, and added sugar during the 8-hour window between 11:00 am and 19:00 pm than other time windows examined (all P < .001). The consumption of these calories did not differ between weekdays and weekend (P > .05) or by sex.
Conclusions
In this cohort, more than 60% of calories, carbohydrates and added sugar were consumed between 11:00 am and 19:00 pm, which is concordant with an afternoon/evening chronotype that is common in adolescents. Our findings support this 8-hour period as a practical window for weight loss interventions that target pre-specified eating periods in this population.
Background
Little is known about the normal eating time periods in adolescents with obesity and how these patterns change throughout development. As the obesity epidemic continues to rise in adolescence, it becomes imperative to understand developmentally appropriate eating behaviours and to create weight management strategies that build on those innate patterns and preferences. The purpose of this study was to determine the most common habitual eating windows observed in adolescents with obesity.
Methods
Participants were 101 Hispanic adolescents (mean age 14.8 ± 2.1 years; 48 male/53 female) with obesity (BMI ≥95th percentile) who were recruited as part of a larger clinical trial. Dietary intake and meal timing was determined using multiple pass 24-hours recalls. Histograms were utilized to determine the natural distribution of percent consumption of total kilocalories, carbohydrates and added sugar per hour.
Results
The majority of total kilocalories (65.4%), carbohydrates (65.3%) and added sugar (59.1%) occurred between 11:00 and 19:00. Adolescents were 2.5 to 2.9 times more likely to consume kilocalories, carbohydrates, and added sugar during the 8-hour window between 11:00 am and 19:00 pm than other time windows examined (all P < .001). The consumption of these calories did not differ between weekdays and weekend (P > .05) or by sex.
Conclusions
In this cohort, more than 60% of calories, carbohydrates and added sugar were consumed between 11:00 am and 19:00 pm, which is concordant with an afternoon/evening chronotype that is common in adolescents. Our findings support this 8-hour period as a practical window for weight loss interventions that target pre-specified eating periods in this population.
Berger PK Schneider-Worthington CR, Goran MI & Salvy S-J
In: 16 (6), 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{nokey,
title = {Concurrent and prospective relationships between maternal BMI, feeding practices and child eating response among Hispanic mothers and children Pediatric Obesity},
author = {Schneider-Worthington CR, Berger PK, Goran MI & Salvy S-J},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33225624/},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-11-23},
urldate = {2020-11-23},
volume = {16},
number = {6},
abstract = {Summary
Background
Parents play a key role in shaping children's eating behaviours and self-regulation. There is limited data on how maternal weight influences feeding practices in the first year of life.
Objective
To examine the relationships between maternal BMI, feeding practices and infant eating behaviours related to self-regulation.
Methods
Participants were 160 mother-infant dyads. A longitudinal design was used to examine concurrent and prospective associations between maternal 6-month postpartum BMI, mothers' feeding practices at 6 months (Infant Feeding Practices Questionnaire) and children's eating behaviours at 6 months (Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire) and 12 months (Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire).
Results
Higher maternal BMI was associated positively with mothers' use of restrictive feeding practices (β = 0.036, p = 0.033), and inversely with responsivity to infant satiety cues (Spearman partial r = −0.249, p = 0.002) at 6 months. Mother's restrictive feeding practices were associated with infant food responsiveness (β = 0.157, p = 0.009) and emotional overeating (β = 0.118, p = 0.005) at 12 months. Maternal use of responsive feeding practices was associated with lower infant food responsiveness at 6 months (Spearman partial r = −0.173, p = 0.031) and lower emotional overeating at 12 months (Spearman partial r = −0.183, p = 0.022).
Conclusions
Our findings add to studies suggesting that feeding practices can provide mechanistic pathways in the intergenerational transmission of obesity. Postpartum family-system approaches focusing on maternal health while integrating infant feeding guidance may confer benefits in improving maternal-child health.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Summary
Background
Parents play a key role in shaping children's eating behaviours and self-regulation. There is limited data on how maternal weight influences feeding practices in the first year of life.
Objective
To examine the relationships between maternal BMI, feeding practices and infant eating behaviours related to self-regulation.
Methods
Participants were 160 mother-infant dyads. A longitudinal design was used to examine concurrent and prospective associations between maternal 6-month postpartum BMI, mothers' feeding practices at 6 months (Infant Feeding Practices Questionnaire) and children's eating behaviours at 6 months (Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire) and 12 months (Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire).
Results
Higher maternal BMI was associated positively with mothers' use of restrictive feeding practices (β = 0.036, p = 0.033), and inversely with responsivity to infant satiety cues (Spearman partial r = −0.249, p = 0.002) at 6 months. Mother's restrictive feeding practices were associated with infant food responsiveness (β = 0.157, p = 0.009) and emotional overeating (β = 0.118, p = 0.005) at 12 months. Maternal use of responsive feeding practices was associated with lower infant food responsiveness at 6 months (Spearman partial r = −0.173, p = 0.031) and lower emotional overeating at 12 months (Spearman partial r = −0.183, p = 0.022).
Conclusions
Our findings add to studies suggesting that feeding practices can provide mechanistic pathways in the intergenerational transmission of obesity. Postpartum family-system approaches focusing on maternal health while integrating infant feeding guidance may confer benefits in improving maternal-child health.
Background
Parents play a key role in shaping children's eating behaviours and self-regulation. There is limited data on how maternal weight influences feeding practices in the first year of life.
Objective
To examine the relationships between maternal BMI, feeding practices and infant eating behaviours related to self-regulation.
Methods
Participants were 160 mother-infant dyads. A longitudinal design was used to examine concurrent and prospective associations between maternal 6-month postpartum BMI, mothers' feeding practices at 6 months (Infant Feeding Practices Questionnaire) and children's eating behaviours at 6 months (Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire) and 12 months (Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire).
Results
Higher maternal BMI was associated positively with mothers' use of restrictive feeding practices (β = 0.036, p = 0.033), and inversely with responsivity to infant satiety cues (Spearman partial r = −0.249, p = 0.002) at 6 months. Mother's restrictive feeding practices were associated with infant food responsiveness (β = 0.157, p = 0.009) and emotional overeating (β = 0.118, p = 0.005) at 12 months. Maternal use of responsive feeding practices was associated with lower infant food responsiveness at 6 months (Spearman partial r = −0.173, p = 0.031) and lower emotional overeating at 12 months (Spearman partial r = −0.183, p = 0.022).
Conclusions
Our findings add to studies suggesting that feeding practices can provide mechanistic pathways in the intergenerational transmission of obesity. Postpartum family-system approaches focusing on maternal health while integrating infant feeding guidance may confer benefits in improving maternal-child health.
Plows JF Berger PK, Jones RB
In: 112 (6), pp. 1516–1522, 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{nokey,
title = {Associations of Maternal Fructose and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage and Juice Intake During Lactation With Infant Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 24 Months Am J Clinical Nutrition},
author = {Berger PK, Plows JF, Jones RB, Alderete TL, Rios C, Pickering TA, Poulsen M, Fields DA, Bode L, Peterson BS & Goran MI },
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa255},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-10-06},
urldate = {2020-10-06},
volume = {112},
number = {6},
pages = {1516–1522},
abstract = {Background
Our prior studies revealed that infant somatic growth is influenced by fructose in breast milk, and fructose in breast milk is increased in response to maternal sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake in lactation. It is unknown whether infant neurodevelopmental outcomes are also influenced by maternal SSBs in lactation.
Objectives
To determine whether infant cognitive development at 24 postnatal months was influenced by maternal fructose consumption during lactation, and whether this relation persisted after accounting for maternal SSB and juice (SSB + J) intake.
Methods
Hispanic mother–infant pairs (n = 88) were recruited across the spectrum of prepregnancy BMI. Mothers completed two 24-h dietary recalls at 1 and 6 postnatal months, and reported breastfeedings per day. The Bayley-III Scales of Infant Development were administered at 24 postnatal months to assess infant cognition. Linear regressions were used to examine associations, reported as unstandardized (B) coefficients, 95% CIs, and P values.
Results
Mothers consumed 1656 ± 470 kcal, 21.8 ± 12 g fructose, and 2.5 ± 2.6 servings SSBs + J, and reported 6.9 ± 2.1 breastfeedings per day at 1 postnatal month. Controlling for maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, education level, kilocalories, infant age, sex, and birthweight revealed that infant cognitive development scores at 24 postnatal months correlated inversely with maternal fructose consumption at 1 postnatal month (B = −0.08; 95% CI = −0.13, −0.03; P < 0.01). The association of infant cognitive development scores with maternal fructose consumption was no longer significant after adjustment for maternal SSB + J intake (B = −0.05; 95% CI = −0.10, 0.00; P = 0.07), whereas maternal SSB + J intake was significant in the same model (B = −0.29; 95% CI = −0.52, −0.05; P = 0.02). Infant cognitive development scores were not associated with maternal fructose and SSB + J consumption at 6 postnatal months.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that infant neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 postnatal months can be adversely influenced by maternal fructose intake in early lactation, and this could be attributed to maternal SSB + J intake.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background
Our prior studies revealed that infant somatic growth is influenced by fructose in breast milk, and fructose in breast milk is increased in response to maternal sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake in lactation. It is unknown whether infant neurodevelopmental outcomes are also influenced by maternal SSBs in lactation.
Objectives
To determine whether infant cognitive development at 24 postnatal months was influenced by maternal fructose consumption during lactation, and whether this relation persisted after accounting for maternal SSB and juice (SSB + J) intake.
Methods
Hispanic mother–infant pairs (n = 88) were recruited across the spectrum of prepregnancy BMI. Mothers completed two 24-h dietary recalls at 1 and 6 postnatal months, and reported breastfeedings per day. The Bayley-III Scales of Infant Development were administered at 24 postnatal months to assess infant cognition. Linear regressions were used to examine associations, reported as unstandardized (B) coefficients, 95% CIs, and P values.
Results
Mothers consumed 1656 ± 470 kcal, 21.8 ± 12 g fructose, and 2.5 ± 2.6 servings SSBs + J, and reported 6.9 ± 2.1 breastfeedings per day at 1 postnatal month. Controlling for maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, education level, kilocalories, infant age, sex, and birthweight revealed that infant cognitive development scores at 24 postnatal months correlated inversely with maternal fructose consumption at 1 postnatal month (B = −0.08; 95% CI = −0.13, −0.03; P < 0.01). The association of infant cognitive development scores with maternal fructose consumption was no longer significant after adjustment for maternal SSB + J intake (B = −0.05; 95% CI = −0.10, 0.00; P = 0.07), whereas maternal SSB + J intake was significant in the same model (B = −0.29; 95% CI = −0.52, −0.05; P = 0.02). Infant cognitive development scores were not associated with maternal fructose and SSB + J consumption at 6 postnatal months.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that infant neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 postnatal months can be adversely influenced by maternal fructose intake in early lactation, and this could be attributed to maternal SSB + J intake.
Our prior studies revealed that infant somatic growth is influenced by fructose in breast milk, and fructose in breast milk is increased in response to maternal sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake in lactation. It is unknown whether infant neurodevelopmental outcomes are also influenced by maternal SSBs in lactation.
Objectives
To determine whether infant cognitive development at 24 postnatal months was influenced by maternal fructose consumption during lactation, and whether this relation persisted after accounting for maternal SSB and juice (SSB + J) intake.
Methods
Hispanic mother–infant pairs (n = 88) were recruited across the spectrum of prepregnancy BMI. Mothers completed two 24-h dietary recalls at 1 and 6 postnatal months, and reported breastfeedings per day. The Bayley-III Scales of Infant Development were administered at 24 postnatal months to assess infant cognition. Linear regressions were used to examine associations, reported as unstandardized (B) coefficients, 95% CIs, and P values.
Results
Mothers consumed 1656 ± 470 kcal, 21.8 ± 12 g fructose, and 2.5 ± 2.6 servings SSBs + J, and reported 6.9 ± 2.1 breastfeedings per day at 1 postnatal month. Controlling for maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, education level, kilocalories, infant age, sex, and birthweight revealed that infant cognitive development scores at 24 postnatal months correlated inversely with maternal fructose consumption at 1 postnatal month (B = −0.08; 95% CI = −0.13, −0.03; P < 0.01). The association of infant cognitive development scores with maternal fructose consumption was no longer significant after adjustment for maternal SSB + J intake (B = −0.05; 95% CI = −0.10, 0.00; P = 0.07), whereas maternal SSB + J intake was significant in the same model (B = −0.29; 95% CI = −0.52, −0.05; P = 0.02). Infant cognitive development scores were not associated with maternal fructose and SSB + J consumption at 6 postnatal months.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that infant neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 postnatal months can be adversely influenced by maternal fructose intake in early lactation, and this could be attributed to maternal SSB + J intake.
Berger PK Jones RB, Plows JF; MI, Goran
In: 12 (1), 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{nokey,
title = {Lactose-Reduced Infant Formula with Added Corn Syrup Solids Significantly Alters Gut Microbiota in Hispanic Infants Compared With Cow’s Milk Based Formula and Breastmilk Gut Microbes },
author = {Jones RB, Berger PK, Plows JF, Alderete TL, Millstein J, Iablokov SN, Rodionov D, Knight R, Osterman A, Bode L, and Goran MI },
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1813534},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-09-04},
urldate = {2020-09-04},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
abstract = {Infant formula feeding, compared with human milk, has been associated with development of a distinct infant gut microbiome, but no previous study has examined effects of formula with added sugars. This work examined differences in gut microbiota among 91 Hispanic infants who consumed human milk [at breast (BB) vs. pumped in bottle (BP)] and 2 kinds of infant formula [(traditional lactose-based (TF) vs. lactose-reduced with added sugar (ASF)]. At 1 and 6 months, infant stool was collected to characterize gut microbiota. At 6 months, mothers completed 24-hour dietary recalls and questionnaires to determine infant consumption of human milk (BB vs. BP) or formula (TF vs. ASF). Linear regression models were used to determine associations of milk consumption type and microbial features at 6 months. Infants in the formula groups exhibited a significantly more ‘mature’ microbiome than infants in the human milk groups with the most pronounced differences observed between the ASF vs. BB groups. In the ASF group, we observed reduced log-normalized abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae (TF-BB Mean Difference = −0.71, ASF-BB Mean Difference = −1.10), and increased abundance of Lachnospiraceae (TF-BB Mean Difference = +0.89, ASF-BB Mean Difference = +1.20). We also observed a higher Community Phenotype Index of propionate, most likely produced by Lachnospiraceae, in the ASF group (TF-BB Mean Difference = +0.27, ASF-BB Mean Difference = +0.36). This study provides the first evidence that consumption of infant formula with added sugar may have a stronger association than birth delivery mode, infant caloric intake, and maternal BMI on the infant’s microbiome at 6 months of age.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Infant formula feeding, compared with human milk, has been associated with development of a distinct infant gut microbiome, but no previous study has examined effects of formula with added sugars. This work examined differences in gut microbiota among 91 Hispanic infants who consumed human milk [at breast (BB) vs. pumped in bottle (BP)] and 2 kinds of infant formula [(traditional lactose-based (TF) vs. lactose-reduced with added sugar (ASF)]. At 1 and 6 months, infant stool was collected to characterize gut microbiota. At 6 months, mothers completed 24-hour dietary recalls and questionnaires to determine infant consumption of human milk (BB vs. BP) or formula (TF vs. ASF). Linear regression models were used to determine associations of milk consumption type and microbial features at 6 months. Infants in the formula groups exhibited a significantly more ‘mature’ microbiome than infants in the human milk groups with the most pronounced differences observed between the ASF vs. BB groups. In the ASF group, we observed reduced log-normalized abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae (TF-BB Mean Difference = −0.71, ASF-BB Mean Difference = −1.10), and increased abundance of Lachnospiraceae (TF-BB Mean Difference = +0.89, ASF-BB Mean Difference = +1.20). We also observed a higher Community Phenotype Index of propionate, most likely produced by Lachnospiraceae, in the ASF group (TF-BB Mean Difference = +0.27, ASF-BB Mean Difference = +0.36). This study provides the first evidence that consumption of infant formula with added sugar may have a stronger association than birth delivery mode, infant caloric intake, and maternal BMI on the infant’s microbiome at 6 months of age.
JF, Plows; PK, Berger; RB, Jones; C, Yonemitsu; JH, Ryoo; TL, Alderete; L, Bode; MI, Goran
Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Hispanic Infant Weight Gain in the First 6 Months Journal Article
In: Pediatric Obesity, 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: HMO
@article{JF2020b,
title = {Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Hispanic Infant Weight Gain in the First 6 Months},
author = {Plows JF and Berger PK and Jones RB and Yonemitsu C and Ryoo JH and Alderete TL and Bode L and Goran MI
},
doi = {10.1002/oby.22884},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-22},
journal = {Pediatric Obesity},
abstract = {
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to determine whether human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) at 1 month predicted infant weight gain at 6 months and whether associations varied by HMO secretor status.
Methods
Participants were 157 Hispanic mother‐infant pairs. Human milk samples were collected at 1 month. Nineteen individual HMOs were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography, and secretor status was determined by the presence of 2′‐fucosyllactose or lacto‐N‐fucopentaose (LNFP) I. Infant weight was measured at 1 and 6 months. Path analysis was used to test effects of HMO composition on infant weight gain, adjusting for maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, and infant age, sex, and birth weight.
Results
In the total sample, higher LNFPII predicted lower infant weight gain (g 1 = −4.1, P = 0.004); this was observed in both nonsecretor (g 1 = −3.0, P = 0.006) and secretor groups (g 1 = −4.7, P = 0.014). In the nonsecretor group, higher lacto‐N‐neotetraose (g 1 = 7.6, P = 0.011) and disialyllacto‐N‐tetraose (g1 = 14.3, P = 0.002) predicted higher infant weight gain. There were no other associations in the secretor group.
Conclusions
Our data suggest that higher LNFPII in human milk may decrease obesity risk across all infants, whereas higher lacto‐N‐neotetraose and disialyllacto‐N‐tetraose may increase obesity risk in infants of nonsecretors only.
},
keywords = {HMO},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to determine whether human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) at 1 month predicted infant weight gain at 6 months and whether associations varied by HMO secretor status.
Methods
Participants were 157 Hispanic mother‐infant pairs. Human milk samples were collected at 1 month. Nineteen individual HMOs were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography, and secretor status was determined by the presence of 2′‐fucosyllactose or lacto‐N‐fucopentaose (LNFP) I. Infant weight was measured at 1 and 6 months. Path analysis was used to test effects of HMO composition on infant weight gain, adjusting for maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, and infant age, sex, and birth weight.
Results
In the total sample, higher LNFPII predicted lower infant weight gain (g 1 = −4.1, P = 0.004); this was observed in both nonsecretor (g 1 = −3.0, P = 0.006) and secretor groups (g 1 = −4.7, P = 0.014). In the nonsecretor group, higher lacto‐N‐neotetraose (g 1 = 7.6, P = 0.011) and disialyllacto‐N‐tetraose (g1 = 14.3, P = 0.002) predicted higher infant weight gain. There were no other associations in the secretor group.
Conclusions
Our data suggest that higher LNFPII in human milk may decrease obesity risk across all infants, whereas higher lacto‐N‐neotetraose and disialyllacto‐N‐tetraose may increase obesity risk in infants of nonsecretors only.
P, Berger; JF, Plows; RB, Jones; TL, Alderete; C, Yonemitsu; JH, Ryoo; L, Bode; MI, Goran
Human milk oligosaccharides and Hispanic infant weight gain in the first 6 months Obesity Journal Article
In: 28 (8), pp. 1519-1525, 2020.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: breastfeeding
@article{Berger2020,
title = {Human milk oligosaccharides and Hispanic infant weight gain in the first 6 months Obesity},
author = {Berger P and Plows JF and Jones RB and Alderete TL and Yonemitsu C and Ryoo JH and Bode L and Goran MI},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/oby.22884},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-22},
urldate = {2020-06-27},
volume = {28},
number = {8},
pages = {1519-1525},
keywords = {breastfeeding},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
JF, Plows; PK, Berger; RB, Jones; C, Yonemitsu; JH, Ryoo; TL, Alderete; L, Bode; MI, Goran
Associations between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and eating behavior in Hispanic infants at 1 and 6 months of age Journal Article
In: Pediatric Obesity, 15 (12), 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: HMO
@article{JF2020,
title = {Associations between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and eating behavior in Hispanic infants at 1 and 6 months of age},
author = {Plows JF and Berger PK and Jones RB and Yonemitsu C and Ryoo JH and Alderete TL and Bode L and Goran MI},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32621402/},
doi = {10.1111/ijpo.12686},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-03},
urldate = {2020-07-03},
journal = {Pediatric Obesity},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
abstract = {Summary
Background
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are naturally occurring glycans in human breast milk that act as prebiotics in the infant gut. Prebiotics have been demonstrated to suppress appetite in both adults and children. Therefore, HMOs may affect infant eating behaviour.
Objective
To determine if HMOs in breast milk are associated with eating behaviour in Hispanic infants.
Methods
Cross‐sectional analysis of a prospective cohort of Hispanic mother‐infant dyads (1‐month, n = 157; 6‐months, n = 69). Breast milk samples were screened for 19 HMOs using high pressure liquid chromatography, and eating behaviour was assessed using the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (BEBQ). We conducted multiple linear regressions to examine associations between HMOs and BEBQ scores, adjusted for maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI, infant sex, birthweight, delivery mode and number of breastfeedings per day. We stratified by HMO secretor status—a genetic determinant of the types of HMOs produced.
Results
At 1 month, LNnT (lacto‐N‐neotetraose; P = .04) was negatively associated with food responsiveness in the total sample, while DFLNT (difucosyllacto‐N‐tetrose; P = .03) and DSLNT (disialyl‐LNT; P = .04) were negatively associated with food responsiveness in secretors only. At 6 months, LSTc (sialyllacto‐N‐tetraose c; P = .01), FLNH (fucosyllacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .03), LNH (lacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .006) and DSLNH (disialyllacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .05) were positively associated with food responsiveness in both the total sample and secretors only.
Conclusions
We found several HMOs that were both positively and negatively associated with infant food responsiveness, which is a measure of drive to eat.},
keywords = {HMO},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Summary
Background
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are naturally occurring glycans in human breast milk that act as prebiotics in the infant gut. Prebiotics have been demonstrated to suppress appetite in both adults and children. Therefore, HMOs may affect infant eating behaviour.
Objective
To determine if HMOs in breast milk are associated with eating behaviour in Hispanic infants.
Methods
Cross‐sectional analysis of a prospective cohort of Hispanic mother‐infant dyads (1‐month, n = 157; 6‐months, n = 69). Breast milk samples were screened for 19 HMOs using high pressure liquid chromatography, and eating behaviour was assessed using the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (BEBQ). We conducted multiple linear regressions to examine associations between HMOs and BEBQ scores, adjusted for maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI, infant sex, birthweight, delivery mode and number of breastfeedings per day. We stratified by HMO secretor status—a genetic determinant of the types of HMOs produced.
Results
At 1 month, LNnT (lacto‐N‐neotetraose; P = .04) was negatively associated with food responsiveness in the total sample, while DFLNT (difucosyllacto‐N‐tetrose; P = .03) and DSLNT (disialyl‐LNT; P = .04) were negatively associated with food responsiveness in secretors only. At 6 months, LSTc (sialyllacto‐N‐tetraose c; P = .01), FLNH (fucosyllacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .03), LNH (lacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .006) and DSLNH (disialyllacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .05) were positively associated with food responsiveness in both the total sample and secretors only.
Conclusions
We found several HMOs that were both positively and negatively associated with infant food responsiveness, which is a measure of drive to eat.
Background
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are naturally occurring glycans in human breast milk that act as prebiotics in the infant gut. Prebiotics have been demonstrated to suppress appetite in both adults and children. Therefore, HMOs may affect infant eating behaviour.
Objective
To determine if HMOs in breast milk are associated with eating behaviour in Hispanic infants.
Methods
Cross‐sectional analysis of a prospective cohort of Hispanic mother‐infant dyads (1‐month, n = 157; 6‐months, n = 69). Breast milk samples were screened for 19 HMOs using high pressure liquid chromatography, and eating behaviour was assessed using the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (BEBQ). We conducted multiple linear regressions to examine associations between HMOs and BEBQ scores, adjusted for maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI, infant sex, birthweight, delivery mode and number of breastfeedings per day. We stratified by HMO secretor status—a genetic determinant of the types of HMOs produced.
Results
At 1 month, LNnT (lacto‐N‐neotetraose; P = .04) was negatively associated with food responsiveness in the total sample, while DFLNT (difucosyllacto‐N‐tetrose; P = .03) and DSLNT (disialyl‐LNT; P = .04) were negatively associated with food responsiveness in secretors only. At 6 months, LSTc (sialyllacto‐N‐tetraose c; P = .01), FLNH (fucosyllacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .03), LNH (lacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .006) and DSLNH (disialyllacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .05) were positively associated with food responsiveness in both the total sample and secretors only.
Conclusions
We found several HMOs that were both positively and negatively associated with infant food responsiveness, which is a measure of drive to eat.
TL, Alderete; SM, Mierau; MC, Bailey; LE, Wild; WB, Patterson; PK, Berger; RB, Jones; JF, Plows; MI, Goran
In: Am J Clinical Nutrition, 112 (3), pp. 519–526, 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: sweeteners
@article{TL2020,
title = {Added sugar and sugar sweetened beverages are associated with increased postpartum weight gain while soluble fiber intake is protective in Hispanic women from Southern California},
author = {Alderete TL and Mierau SM and Bailey MC and Wild LE and Patterson WB and Berger PK and Jones RB and Plows JF and Goran MI },
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa156},
doi = {/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa156},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-06-29},
urldate = {2020-06-29},
journal = {Am J Clinical Nutrition},
volume = {112},
number = {3},
pages = {519–526},
abstract = {Background
Obesity prevalence remains high in the United States, and there is an increased risk among women who do not lose their gestational weight gain during the postpartum period. Indicators of dietary carbohydrate quality including added sugar consumption, glycemic load, and glycemic index have been linked with weight gain, whereas fiber may protect against obesity. However, these dietary factors have not been examined during the postpartum period.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary sugars and fiber intake were associated with changes in postpartum weight.
Methods
We examined Hispanic women from the longitudinal Southern California Mother's Milk Study (n = 99) at 1 and 6 mo postpartum. Maternal assessments included height, weight, and dietary intake based on 24-h diet recalls. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the relation between maternal diet and change in postpartum weight after adjusting for maternal age, height, and energy intake.
Results
Higher intake of added sugar was associated with postpartum weight gain (β: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.10; P = 0.05). In addition, a half 8-ounce (8 fluid ounces = 236.6 mL) serving per day increase in soft drinks was associated with a 1.52-kg increase in weight (95% CI: 0.70, 2.34 kg; P < 0.001). A high glycemic index (β: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.42; P = 0.006) and glycemic load (β: 0.04; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.08; P = 0.04) were associated with postpartum weight gain. Higher soluble fiber was associated with a decrease in postpartum weight (β: −0.82 kg; 95% CI: −1.35, −0.29 kg; P = 0.003) and the negative effects of added sugar, sugary beverages, and high-glycemic-index and -load diets were partially attenuated after adjusting for soluble fiber intake.
Conclusions
Increased consumption of added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and high-glycemic diets were associated with greater weight gain in the first 6 mo postpartum. In addition, increased consumption of soluble fiber was associated with postpartum weight loss, which may partially offset the obesogenic effects of some dietary sugars.},
keywords = {sweeteners},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background
Obesity prevalence remains high in the United States, and there is an increased risk among women who do not lose their gestational weight gain during the postpartum period. Indicators of dietary carbohydrate quality including added sugar consumption, glycemic load, and glycemic index have been linked with weight gain, whereas fiber may protect against obesity. However, these dietary factors have not been examined during the postpartum period.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary sugars and fiber intake were associated with changes in postpartum weight.
Methods
We examined Hispanic women from the longitudinal Southern California Mother's Milk Study (n = 99) at 1 and 6 mo postpartum. Maternal assessments included height, weight, and dietary intake based on 24-h diet recalls. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the relation between maternal diet and change in postpartum weight after adjusting for maternal age, height, and energy intake.
Results
Higher intake of added sugar was associated with postpartum weight gain (β: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.10; P = 0.05). In addition, a half 8-ounce (8 fluid ounces = 236.6 mL) serving per day increase in soft drinks was associated with a 1.52-kg increase in weight (95% CI: 0.70, 2.34 kg; P < 0.001). A high glycemic index (β: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.42; P = 0.006) and glycemic load (β: 0.04; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.08; P = 0.04) were associated with postpartum weight gain. Higher soluble fiber was associated with a decrease in postpartum weight (β: −0.82 kg; 95% CI: −1.35, −0.29 kg; P = 0.003) and the negative effects of added sugar, sugary beverages, and high-glycemic-index and -load diets were partially attenuated after adjusting for soluble fiber intake.
Conclusions
Increased consumption of added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and high-glycemic diets were associated with greater weight gain in the first 6 mo postpartum. In addition, increased consumption of soluble fiber was associated with postpartum weight loss, which may partially offset the obesogenic effects of some dietary sugars.
Obesity prevalence remains high in the United States, and there is an increased risk among women who do not lose their gestational weight gain during the postpartum period. Indicators of dietary carbohydrate quality including added sugar consumption, glycemic load, and glycemic index have been linked with weight gain, whereas fiber may protect against obesity. However, these dietary factors have not been examined during the postpartum period.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary sugars and fiber intake were associated with changes in postpartum weight.
Methods
We examined Hispanic women from the longitudinal Southern California Mother's Milk Study (n = 99) at 1 and 6 mo postpartum. Maternal assessments included height, weight, and dietary intake based on 24-h diet recalls. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the relation between maternal diet and change in postpartum weight after adjusting for maternal age, height, and energy intake.
Results
Higher intake of added sugar was associated with postpartum weight gain (β: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.10; P = 0.05). In addition, a half 8-ounce (8 fluid ounces = 236.6 mL) serving per day increase in soft drinks was associated with a 1.52-kg increase in weight (95% CI: 0.70, 2.34 kg; P < 0.001). A high glycemic index (β: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.42; P = 0.006) and glycemic load (β: 0.04; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.08; P = 0.04) were associated with postpartum weight gain. Higher soluble fiber was associated with a decrease in postpartum weight (β: −0.82 kg; 95% CI: −1.35, −0.29 kg; P = 0.003) and the negative effects of added sugar, sugary beverages, and high-glycemic-index and -load diets were partially attenuated after adjusting for soluble fiber intake.
Conclusions
Increased consumption of added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and high-glycemic diets were associated with greater weight gain in the first 6 mo postpartum. In addition, increased consumption of soluble fiber was associated with postpartum weight loss, which may partially offset the obesogenic effects of some dietary sugars.
Zink, J; Nicolo, M; Imm, K; Ebrahimian, S; Yu, Q; Lee, K; Zapanta, K; Huh, J; Dunton, G F; Goran, M I; Page, K A; Dieli-Conwright, C M; Belcher, B R
In: J Psychosom Res, 135 , pp. 110141, 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: glucose
@article{pmid32447156,
title = {Interstitial glucose and subsequent affective and physical feeling states: A pilot study combining continuous glucose monitoring and ecological momentary assessment in adolescents},
author = {J Zink and M Nicolo and K Imm and S Ebrahimian and Q Yu and K Lee and K Zapanta and J Huh and G F Dunton and M I Goran and K A Page and C M Dieli-Conwright and B R Belcher},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32447156/},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110141},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-05-15},
urldate = {2020-05-01},
journal = {J Psychosom Res},
volume = {135},
pages = {110141},
abstract = {Circulating glucose may relate to affective and physical feeling states reflective of emotional disorder symptoms. No prior studies have investigated within-day associations between glucose and subsequent affective and physical feeling states (positive affect, negative affect, and fatigue) as they occur naturally among healthy adolescents; this pilot study assessed these associations by combining data collected from ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and continuous glucose monitors (CGM). Participants (N = 15, mean age = 13.1[±1.0] years, 66.7% female, 40.0% Hispanic, 66.7% healthy weight) wore a CGM for 7-14 days. Simultaneously, participants reported on their current positive affect, negative affect, and fatigue randomly during specified windows up to 7 times daily via EMA. CGM-measured mean interstitial glucose was calculated during the time windows (mean minutes = 122.5[±47.3]) leading up to each EMA prompt. Multilevel models assessed within-subject (WS) associations between mean interstitial glucose since the previous EMA prompt and EMA-reported affective and physical feeling states at the current prompt. Participants provided 532 interstitial glucose-matched EMA reports of affective and physical feeling states. During intervals when interstitial glucose was higher than one's usual, higher positive affect (WS β = 0.01, p < .0001},
keywords = {glucose},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Circulating glucose may relate to affective and physical feeling states reflective of emotional disorder symptoms. No prior studies have investigated within-day associations between glucose and subsequent affective and physical feeling states (positive affect, negative affect, and fatigue) as they occur naturally among healthy adolescents; this pilot study assessed these associations by combining data collected from ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and continuous glucose monitors (CGM). Participants (N = 15, mean age = 13.1[±1.0] years, 66.7% female, 40.0% Hispanic, 66.7% healthy weight) wore a CGM for 7-14 days. Simultaneously, participants reported on their current positive affect, negative affect, and fatigue randomly during specified windows up to 7 times daily via EMA. CGM-measured mean interstitial glucose was calculated during the time windows (mean minutes = 122.5[±47.3]) leading up to each EMA prompt. Multilevel models assessed within-subject (WS) associations between mean interstitial glucose since the previous EMA prompt and EMA-reported affective and physical feeling states at the current prompt. Participants provided 532 interstitial glucose-matched EMA reports of affective and physical feeling states. During intervals when interstitial glucose was higher than one's usual, higher positive affect (WS β = 0.01, p < .0001
Rios C Plows JF, Berger PK
In: 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@article{nokey,
title = {Effects of a sugar-reduction intervention on diet and continuous blood glucose in adolescents on the remote Pacific Island of Kiritimati: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial },
author = {Plows JF, Rios C, Berger PK, Jones RB, Alderete TL, Steinberg S, Bangao T, Beale E & Goran MI },
url = {https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-24196/v1},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-04-29},
urldate = {2020-04-29},
abstract = {Background
Kiritimati is a remote Pacific Island estimated to have high rates of overweight/obesity (~ 81%) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM; ~27%), potentially related to high sugar consumption starting early in life. We aimed to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of a short-term dietary sugar-reduction intervention on sugar consumption and glucose control in Kiritimati adolescents.
Methods
A school-based pilot randomized controlled trial over two weeks. The two high schools on Kiritimati were randomized to the control school and the intervention school. Inclusion criteria was enrollment at one of the two high schools on the island. Exclusion criteria was age > 18 years. 63 students enrolled (n = 26 control; n = 37 intervention). The intervention consisted of installing a water filter at the school, providing reusable water bottles, and a 30-minute group dietary education session. Beverage frequency questionnaires and 24-hour diet recalls were conducted at baseline and follow-up. Continuous blood glucose monitors (CGMs; FreeStyle Libre Pro) measured indices of blood glucose control over 14 days (one-week pre-intervention, one-week post-intervention). A statistically significant effect of the intervention was considered a time x group interaction term of p < 0.05.
Results
The total sample at baseline was 16.5 ± 1.2 years old of which 45.5% were male and 60.3% had overweight or obesity. Added sugar consumption decreased in the intervention group (131 ± 77 to 47 ± 49 g/day), with no change in the control group (pinteraction=0.001). However, there were no significant effects of the intervention on any of the CGM measures, which were normal at baseline. No adverse events were noted.
Conclusions
A 7-day sugar-reduction intervention significantly reduced sugar intake but had no effects on CGM measures in Kiritimati adolescents at high risk for obesity and T2DM. This pilot study suggests a simple sugar-reduction intervention could improve diet quality in adolescents on Pacific Islands with high rates of obesity/T2DM.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background
Kiritimati is a remote Pacific Island estimated to have high rates of overweight/obesity (~ 81%) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM; ~27%), potentially related to high sugar consumption starting early in life. We aimed to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of a short-term dietary sugar-reduction intervention on sugar consumption and glucose control in Kiritimati adolescents.
Methods
A school-based pilot randomized controlled trial over two weeks. The two high schools on Kiritimati were randomized to the control school and the intervention school. Inclusion criteria was enrollment at one of the two high schools on the island. Exclusion criteria was age > 18 years. 63 students enrolled (n = 26 control; n = 37 intervention). The intervention consisted of installing a water filter at the school, providing reusable water bottles, and a 30-minute group dietary education session. Beverage frequency questionnaires and 24-hour diet recalls were conducted at baseline and follow-up. Continuous blood glucose monitors (CGMs; FreeStyle Libre Pro) measured indices of blood glucose control over 14 days (one-week pre-intervention, one-week post-intervention). A statistically significant effect of the intervention was considered a time x group interaction term of p < 0.05.
Results
The total sample at baseline was 16.5 ± 1.2 years old of which 45.5% were male and 60.3% had overweight or obesity. Added sugar consumption decreased in the intervention group (131 ± 77 to 47 ± 49 g/day), with no change in the control group (pinteraction=0.001). However, there were no significant effects of the intervention on any of the CGM measures, which were normal at baseline. No adverse events were noted.
Conclusions
A 7-day sugar-reduction intervention significantly reduced sugar intake but had no effects on CGM measures in Kiritimati adolescents at high risk for obesity and T2DM. This pilot study suggests a simple sugar-reduction intervention could improve diet quality in adolescents on Pacific Islands with high rates of obesity/T2DM.
Kiritimati is a remote Pacific Island estimated to have high rates of overweight/obesity (~ 81%) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM; ~27%), potentially related to high sugar consumption starting early in life. We aimed to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of a short-term dietary sugar-reduction intervention on sugar consumption and glucose control in Kiritimati adolescents.
Methods
A school-based pilot randomized controlled trial over two weeks. The two high schools on Kiritimati were randomized to the control school and the intervention school. Inclusion criteria was enrollment at one of the two high schools on the island. Exclusion criteria was age > 18 years. 63 students enrolled (n = 26 control; n = 37 intervention). The intervention consisted of installing a water filter at the school, providing reusable water bottles, and a 30-minute group dietary education session. Beverage frequency questionnaires and 24-hour diet recalls were conducted at baseline and follow-up. Continuous blood glucose monitors (CGMs; FreeStyle Libre Pro) measured indices of blood glucose control over 14 days (one-week pre-intervention, one-week post-intervention). A statistically significant effect of the intervention was considered a time x group interaction term of p < 0.05.
Results
The total sample at baseline was 16.5 ± 1.2 years old of which 45.5% were male and 60.3% had overweight or obesity. Added sugar consumption decreased in the intervention group (131 ± 77 to 47 ± 49 g/day), with no change in the control group (pinteraction=0.001). However, there were no significant effects of the intervention on any of the CGM measures, which were normal at baseline. No adverse events were noted.
Conclusions
A 7-day sugar-reduction intervention significantly reduced sugar intake but had no effects on CGM measures in Kiritimati adolescents at high risk for obesity and T2DM. This pilot study suggests a simple sugar-reduction intervention could improve diet quality in adolescents on Pacific Islands with high rates of obesity/T2DM.
Lugli, G A; Duranti, S; Milani, C; Mancabelli, L; Turroni, F; Alessandri, G; Longhi, G; Anzalone, R; Viappinai, A; Tarrachini, C; Bernasconi, S; Yonemitsu, C; Bode, L; Goran, M I; Ossiprandi, M C; van Sinderen, D; Ventura, M
Investigating bifidobacteria and human milk oligosaccharide composition of lactating mothers Journal Article
In: FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 96 (5), 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: bifidobacteria
@article{pmid32188978,
title = {Investigating bifidobacteria and human milk oligosaccharide composition of lactating mothers},
author = {G A Lugli and S Duranti and C Milani and L Mancabelli and F Turroni and G Alessandri and G Longhi and R Anzalone and A Viappinai and C Tarrachini and S Bernasconi and C Yonemitsu and L Bode and M I Goran and M C Ossiprandi and D van Sinderen and M Ventura},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32188978/},
doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiaa049},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-03-19},
urldate = {2020-03-01},
journal = {FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.},
volume = {96},
number = {5},
abstract = {Human milk is known to carry its own microbiota, of which the precise origin remains obscure. Breast-feeding allows mother-to-baby transmission of microorganisms as well as transfer of many other milk components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which act as metabolizable substrates for particular bacteria, such as bifidobacteria, residing in infant intestinal tract. In the current study, we report HMO composition of 249 human milk samples, in 163 of which we quantified the abundance of members of the Bifidobacterium genus using a combination of metagenomic and flow cytometric approaches. Metagenomic data allowed us to identify four clusters dominated by Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Bifidobacterium crudilactis, or Bifidobacterium dentium, as well as a cluster represented by a heterogeneous mix of bifidobacterial species such as Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum. Furthermore, in vitro growth assays on HMOs coupled with in silico glycobiome analyses allowed us to elucidate that members of the Bifidobacterium bifidum and B. breve species exhibit the highest ability to degrade and grow on HMOs. Altogether these findings indicate that the bifidobacterial component of the human milk microbiota is not strictly correlated to their ability to metabolize HMOs.},
keywords = {bifidobacteria},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Human milk is known to carry its own microbiota, of which the precise origin remains obscure. Breast-feeding allows mother-to-baby transmission of microorganisms as well as transfer of many other milk components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which act as metabolizable substrates for particular bacteria, such as bifidobacteria, residing in infant intestinal tract. In the current study, we report HMO composition of 249 human milk samples, in 163 of which we quantified the abundance of members of the Bifidobacterium genus using a combination of metagenomic and flow cytometric approaches. Metagenomic data allowed us to identify four clusters dominated by Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Bifidobacterium crudilactis, or Bifidobacterium dentium, as well as a cluster represented by a heterogeneous mix of bifidobacterial species such as Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum. Furthermore, in vitro growth assays on HMOs coupled with in silico glycobiome analyses allowed us to elucidate that members of the Bifidobacterium bifidum and B. breve species exhibit the highest ability to degrade and grow on HMOs. Altogether these findings indicate that the bifidobacterial component of the human milk microbiota is not strictly correlated to their ability to metabolize HMOs.
Berger, P K; Plows, J F; Jones, R B; Alderete, T L; Yonemitsu, C; Poulsen, M; Ryoo, J H; Peterson, B S; Bode, L; Goran, M I
In: PLoS ONE, 15 (2), pp. e0228323, 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: HMO
@article{pmid32049968,
title = {Human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose links feedings at 1 month to cognitive development at 24 months in infants of normal and overweight mothers},
author = {P K Berger and J F Plows and R B Jones and T L Alderete and C Yonemitsu and M Poulsen and J H Ryoo and B S Peterson and L Bode and M I Goran},
url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0228323},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-02-12},
urldate = {2020-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {e0228323},
abstract = {Infant cognitive development is influenced by maternal factors that range from obesity to early feeding and breast milk composition. Animal studies suggest a role for human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), on learning and memory, yet no human studies have examined its impact on infant cognitive development relative to other HMOs and maternal factors. To determine the impact of 2'FL from breast milk feeding on infant cognitive development at 24 months of age relative to maternal obesity and breast milk feeding frequency. Hispanic mother-infant pairs (N = 50) were recruited across the spectrum of pre-pregnancy BMI. Breast milk was collected at 1 and 6 months, and feedings/day were reported. Nineteen HMOs were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, with initial interest in 2'FL. Infant cognitive development score was assessed with the Bayley-III Scale at 24 months. Linear regressions were used for prediction, and bootstrapping to determine mediation by 2'FL. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was not related to feedings/day or HMOs, but predicted poorer infant cognitive development (β = -0.31, P = 0.03). Feedings/day (β = 0.34) and 2'FL (β = 0.59) at 1 month predicted better infant cognitive development (both P≤ 0.01). The association of feedings/day with infant cognitive development was no longer significant after further adjustment for 2'FL (estimated mediation effect = 0.13, P = 0.04). There were no associations of feedings/day and 2'FL at 6 months with infant cognitive development. Our findings suggest that maternal factors influence infant cognitive development through multiple means. Though maternal obesity may be a separate negative influence, greater frequency of breast milk feeding at 1 month contributed to infant cognitive development through greater exposure to 2'FL relative to other HMOs. The influence of 2'FL was not significant at 6 months, indicating that early exposure to 2'FL may be a critical temporal window for positively influencing infant cognitive development.},
keywords = {HMO},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Infant cognitive development is influenced by maternal factors that range from obesity to early feeding and breast milk composition. Animal studies suggest a role for human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), on learning and memory, yet no human studies have examined its impact on infant cognitive development relative to other HMOs and maternal factors. To determine the impact of 2'FL from breast milk feeding on infant cognitive development at 24 months of age relative to maternal obesity and breast milk feeding frequency. Hispanic mother-infant pairs (N = 50) were recruited across the spectrum of pre-pregnancy BMI. Breast milk was collected at 1 and 6 months, and feedings/day were reported. Nineteen HMOs were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, with initial interest in 2'FL. Infant cognitive development score was assessed with the Bayley-III Scale at 24 months. Linear regressions were used for prediction, and bootstrapping to determine mediation by 2'FL. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was not related to feedings/day or HMOs, but predicted poorer infant cognitive development (β = -0.31, P = 0.03). Feedings/day (β = 0.34) and 2'FL (β = 0.59) at 1 month predicted better infant cognitive development (both P≤ 0.01). The association of feedings/day with infant cognitive development was no longer significant after further adjustment for 2'FL (estimated mediation effect = 0.13, P = 0.04). There were no associations of feedings/day and 2'FL at 6 months with infant cognitive development. Our findings suggest that maternal factors influence infant cognitive development through multiple means. Though maternal obesity may be a separate negative influence, greater frequency of breast milk feeding at 1 month contributed to infant cognitive development through greater exposure to 2'FL relative to other HMOs. The influence of 2'FL was not significant at 6 months, indicating that early exposure to 2'FL may be a critical temporal window for positively influencing infant cognitive development.
2019
W, Perng; L, Tang; P, Song; MI, Goran; MM, Tellez-Rojo; A, Cantoral; K, Peterson
In: 9 (5), pp. 100, 2019.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: sugar
@article{W2020,
title = {Urate and nonanoate mark the relationship between sugar-sweetened beverage intake and blood pressure in adolescent girls: A metabolomics analysis in the ELEMENT Cohort Metabolites},
author = {Perng W and Tang L and Song P and Goran MI and Tellez-Rojo MM and Cantoral A and Peterson K
},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6572261/},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-05-17},
urldate = {2019-05-17},
volume = {9},
number = {5},
pages = {100},
abstract = {We sought to identify metabolites that mark the relationship of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake with adiposity and metabolic risk among boys (n = 114) and girls (n = 128) aged 8–14 years. We conducted the analysis in three steps: (1) linear regression to examine associations of SSB intake (quartiles) with adiposity, glycemia, lipids, and blood pressure (BP); (2) least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression to identify SSB-associated metabolites from an untargeted dataset of 938 metabolites; and (3) linear regression to determine whether SSB-related metabolites are also associated with adiposity and metabolic risk. In girls, SSB intake was associated with marginally higher BP (Q2 vs, Q1: 1.11 [−3.90, 6.13], Q3 vs. Q1: 1.16 [−3.81, 6.13], Q4 vs. Q1: 4.65 [−0.22, 9.53] mmHg systolic blood pressure (SBP); P-trend = 0.07). In boys, SSB intake corresponded with higher C-peptide insulin resistance (Q2 vs. Q1: 0.06 [−0.06, 0.19], Q3 vs. Q1: 0.01 [−0.12, 0.14], Q4 vs. Q1: 0.17 [0.04, 0.30] ng/mL; P-trend = 0.03) and leptin (P-trend = 0.02). LASSO identified 6 annotated metabolites in girls (5-methyl-tetrohydrofolate, phenylephrine, urate, nonanoate, deoxyuridine, sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and 3 annotated metabolites in boys (2-piperidinone, octanoylcarnitine, catechol) associated with SSB intake. Among girls, urate and nonanoate marked the relationship of SSB intake with BP. None of the SSB-associated metabolites were related to health outcomes in boys.},
keywords = {sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We sought to identify metabolites that mark the relationship of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake with adiposity and metabolic risk among boys (n = 114) and girls (n = 128) aged 8–14 years. We conducted the analysis in three steps: (1) linear regression to examine associations of SSB intake (quartiles) with adiposity, glycemia, lipids, and blood pressure (BP); (2) least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression to identify SSB-associated metabolites from an untargeted dataset of 938 metabolites; and (3) linear regression to determine whether SSB-related metabolites are also associated with adiposity and metabolic risk. In girls, SSB intake was associated with marginally higher BP (Q2 vs, Q1: 1.11 [−3.90, 6.13], Q3 vs. Q1: 1.16 [−3.81, 6.13], Q4 vs. Q1: 4.65 [−0.22, 9.53] mmHg systolic blood pressure (SBP); P-trend = 0.07). In boys, SSB intake corresponded with higher C-peptide insulin resistance (Q2 vs. Q1: 0.06 [−0.06, 0.19], Q3 vs. Q1: 0.01 [−0.12, 0.14], Q4 vs. Q1: 0.17 [0.04, 0.30] ng/mL; P-trend = 0.03) and leptin (P-trend = 0.02). LASSO identified 6 annotated metabolites in girls (5-methyl-tetrohydrofolate, phenylephrine, urate, nonanoate, deoxyuridine, sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and 3 annotated metabolites in boys (2-piperidinone, octanoylcarnitine, catechol) associated with SSB intake. Among girls, urate and nonanoate marked the relationship of SSB intake with BP. None of the SSB-associated metabolites were related to health outcomes in boys.
Jones, R B; Alderete, T L; Kim, J S; Millstein, J; Gilliland, F D; Goran, M I
High intake of dietary fructose in overweight/obese teenagers associated with depletion of Eubacterium and Streptococcus in gut microbiome Journal Article
In: Gut Microbes, 10 (6), pp. 712–719, 2019.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: microbiome, sugar
@article{pmid30991877,
title = {High intake of dietary fructose in overweight/obese teenagers associated with depletion of Eubacterium and Streptococcus in gut microbiome},
author = {R B Jones and T L Alderete and J S Kim and J Millstein and F D Gilliland and M I Goran},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Gut Microbes},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {712--719},
abstract = {Background: A western high fat, high carbohydrate diet has been shown to be associated with decreased gut bacterial diversity and reductions in beneficial bacteria. This gut bacteria dysbiosis could develop in early life and contribute to chronic disease risk such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Objective: To determine how dietary macronutrients are associated with the relative abundance of gut bacteria in healthy adolescents.Methods: Fifty-two obese participants (12-19 years) from two studies, many who were primarily of Hispanic background, provided fecal samples for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Dietary macronutrients were assessed using 24-hour diet recalls and body composition was assessed using DEXA. General regression models assuming a negative binomial distribution were used to examine the associations between gut bacteria and dietary fiber, saturated fat, unsaturated fats, protein, added sugar, total sugar and free fructose after adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, body fat percentage, study and caloric intake.Results: The genera Eubacterium (Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) corrected p-value = 0.10) and Streptococcus (BH corrected p-value = 0.04) were inversely associated with dietary fructose intake. There were no other significant associations between abundances of gut microbes and other dietary macronutrients, including fiber, fat, protein, total sugar or added sugar.Conclusions: High dietary fructose was associated with lower abundance of the beneficial microbes Eubacterium and Streptococcus, which are involved with carbohydrate metabolism.},
keywords = {microbiome, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: A western high fat, high carbohydrate diet has been shown to be associated with decreased gut bacterial diversity and reductions in beneficial bacteria. This gut bacteria dysbiosis could develop in early life and contribute to chronic disease risk such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Objective: To determine how dietary macronutrients are associated with the relative abundance of gut bacteria in healthy adolescents.Methods: Fifty-two obese participants (12-19 years) from two studies, many who were primarily of Hispanic background, provided fecal samples for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Dietary macronutrients were assessed using 24-hour diet recalls and body composition was assessed using DEXA. General regression models assuming a negative binomial distribution were used to examine the associations between gut bacteria and dietary fiber, saturated fat, unsaturated fats, protein, added sugar, total sugar and free fructose after adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, body fat percentage, study and caloric intake.Results: The genera Eubacterium (Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) corrected p-value = 0.10) and Streptococcus (BH corrected p-value = 0.04) were inversely associated with dietary fructose intake. There were no other significant associations between abundances of gut microbes and other dietary macronutrients, including fiber, fat, protein, total sugar or added sugar.Conclusions: High dietary fructose was associated with lower abundance of the beneficial microbes Eubacterium and Streptococcus, which are involved with carbohydrate metabolism.
Goran, M I; Plows, J F; Ventura, E E
Effects of consuming sugars and alternative sweeteners during pregnancy on maternal and child health: evidence for a secondhand sugar effect Journal Article
In: Proc Nutr Soc, 78 (3), pp. 262–271, 2019.
@article{pmid30501650,
title = {Effects of consuming sugars and alternative sweeteners during pregnancy on maternal and child health: evidence for a secondhand sugar effect},
author = {M I Goran and J F Plows and E E Ventura},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Proc Nutr Soc},
volume = {78},
number = {3},
pages = {262--271},
abstract = {Consumption of sugar and alternative low- or no-energy sweeteners has increased in recent decades. However, it is still uncertain how consumption of sugar and alternative sweeteners during pregnancy affects pregnancy outcomes and long-term offspring health. This review aims to collate the available evidence surrounding the consequences of sugar and alternative sweetener consumption during pregnancy, a so-called secondhand sugar effect. We found evidence that sugar consumption during pregnancy may contribute to increased gestational weight gain and the development of pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and preterm birth. Further, we found a growing body of the animal and human evidence that maternal sugar intake during pregnancy may impact neonatal and childhood metabolism, taste perception and obesity risk. Emerging evidence also suggests that both maternal and paternal preconception sugar intakes are linked to offspring metabolic outcomes, perhaps via epigenetic alterations to the germline. While there have been fewer studies of the impacts of alternative sweetener consumption before and during pregnancy, there is some evidence to suggest effects on infant outcomes including preterm birth risk, increased infant body composition and offspring preference for sweet foods, although mechanisms are unclear. We conclude that preconception and gestational sugar and alternative sweetener consumption may negatively impact pregnancy outcomes and offspring health and that there is a need for further observational, mechanistic and intervention research in this area.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Consumption of sugar and alternative low- or no-energy sweeteners has increased in recent decades. However, it is still uncertain how consumption of sugar and alternative sweeteners during pregnancy affects pregnancy outcomes and long-term offspring health. This review aims to collate the available evidence surrounding the consequences of sugar and alternative sweetener consumption during pregnancy, a so-called secondhand sugar effect. We found evidence that sugar consumption during pregnancy may contribute to increased gestational weight gain and the development of pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and preterm birth. Further, we found a growing body of the animal and human evidence that maternal sugar intake during pregnancy may impact neonatal and childhood metabolism, taste perception and obesity risk. Emerging evidence also suggests that both maternal and paternal preconception sugar intakes are linked to offspring metabolic outcomes, perhaps via epigenetic alterations to the germline. While there have been fewer studies of the impacts of alternative sweetener consumption before and during pregnancy, there is some evidence to suggest effects on infant outcomes including preterm birth risk, increased infant body composition and offspring preference for sweet foods, although mechanisms are unclear. We conclude that preconception and gestational sugar and alternative sweetener consumption may negatively impact pregnancy outcomes and offspring health and that there is a need for further observational, mechanistic and intervention research in this area.
Vandyousefi, S; Goran, M I; Gunderson, E P; Khazaee, E; Landry, M J; Ghaddar, R; Asigbee, F M; Davis, J N
Association of breastfeeding and gestational diabetes mellitus with the prevalence of prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome in offspring of Hispanic mothers Journal Article
In: Pediatr Obes, 14 (7), pp. e12515, 2019.
@article{pmid30734524,
title = {Association of breastfeeding and gestational diabetes mellitus with the prevalence of prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome in offspring of Hispanic mothers},
author = {S Vandyousefi and M I Goran and E P Gunderson and E Khazaee and M J Landry and R Ghaddar and F M Asigbee and J N Davis},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {e12515},
abstract = {The effects of breastfeeding (BF) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes mellitus in children exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in utero have rarely been evaluated. This study assessed BF and GDM in relation to the prevalence of prediabetes and MetS in Hispanic children and adolescents (8-19 y). This is a longitudinal study with 229 Hispanic children (8-13 y) with overweight/obesity, family history of diabetes, and an average of four annual visits (AV). Participants were categorized as follows: never (negative for prediabetes/MetS at all AVs), ever (positive for prediabetes/MetS at any visit), intermittent (positive for prediabetes/MetS at 1-2 AVs), and persistent (positive for prediabetes/MetS at greater than or equal to 3 AVs). Compared with GDM offspring who were not BF (referent), GDM offspring who were BF had lower odds of persistent prediabetes (OR = 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04-0.82; P = 0.02) and MetS (OR = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.02-0.55; P = 0.008). Compared with referent group, non-GDM offspring who were BF, and non-GDM offspring not BF had lower odds of persistent prediabetes (OR = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03-0.39; P = 0.001; OR = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.11; P < 0.001) and MetS (OR = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04-0.59; P = 0.01 and OR = 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01-0.11; P < 0.001). These results show BF is protective against prediabetes and MetS in offspring regardless of GDM status.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The effects of breastfeeding (BF) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes mellitus in children exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in utero have rarely been evaluated. This study assessed BF and GDM in relation to the prevalence of prediabetes and MetS in Hispanic children and adolescents (8-19 y). This is a longitudinal study with 229 Hispanic children (8-13 y) with overweight/obesity, family history of diabetes, and an average of four annual visits (AV). Participants were categorized as follows: never (negative for prediabetes/MetS at all AVs), ever (positive for prediabetes/MetS at any visit), intermittent (positive for prediabetes/MetS at 1-2 AVs), and persistent (positive for prediabetes/MetS at greater than or equal to 3 AVs). Compared with GDM offspring who were not BF (referent), GDM offspring who were BF had lower odds of persistent prediabetes (OR = 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04-0.82; P = 0.02) and MetS (OR = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.02-0.55; P = 0.008). Compared with referent group, non-GDM offspring who were BF, and non-GDM offspring not BF had lower odds of persistent prediabetes (OR = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03-0.39; P = 0.001; OR = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.11; P < 0.001) and MetS (OR = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04-0.59; P = 0.01 and OR = 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01-0.11; P < 0.001). These results show BF is protective against prediabetes and MetS in offspring regardless of GDM status.
TL, Alderete; R, Jin; DI, Walker; D, Valvi; Z, Chen; DP, Jones; C, Peng; FD, Gilliland; K, Berhane; DV, Conti; MI, Goran; L, Chatzi
Perfluoroalkyl substances, metabolomic profiling, and alterations in glucose homeostasis among overweight and obese Hispanic children: A proof-of-concept analysis Journal Article
In: Environ Int, 126 , pp. 445–453, 2019.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: environmental pollution
@article{pmid30844580,
title = {Perfluoroalkyl substances, metabolomic profiling, and alterations in glucose homeostasis among overweight and obese Hispanic children: A proof-of-concept analysis},
author = {Alderete TL and Jin R and Walker DI and Valvi D and Chen Z and Jones DP and Peng C and Gilliland FD and Berhane K and Conti DV and Goran MI and Chatzi L
},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Environ Int},
volume = {126},
pages = {445--453},
abstract = {To examine the prospective associations between exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and longitudinal measurements of glucose metabolism in high-risk overweight and obese Hispanic children. Forty overweight and obese Hispanic children (8-14 years) from urban Los Angeles underwent clinical measures and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) at baseline and a follow-up visit (range: 1-3 years after enrollment). Baseline plasma perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and the plasma metabolome were measured by liquid-chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association between baseline PFASs and changes in glucose homeostasis over follow-up. A metabolome-wide association study coupled with pathway enrichment analysis was performed to evaluate metabolic dysregulation associated with plasma PFASs concentrations. We performed a structural integrated analysis aiming to characterize the joint impact of all factors and to identify latent clusters of children with alterations in glucose homeostasis, based on their exposure and metabolomics profile. Each ln (ng/ml) increase in PFOA and PFHxS concentrations was associated with a 30.6 mg/dL (95% CI: 8.8-52.4) and 10.2 mg/dL (95% CI: 2.7-17.7) increase in 2-hour glucose levels, respectively. A ln (ng/ml) increase in PFHxS concentrations was also associated with 17.8 mg/dL increase in the glucose area under the curve (95% CI: 1.5-34.1). Pathway enrichment analysis showed significant alterations of lipids (e.g., glycosphingolipids, linoleic acid, and de novo lipogenesis), and amino acids (e.g., aspartate and asparagine, tyrosine, arginine and proline) in association to PFASs exposure. The integrated analysis identified a cluster of children with increased 2-h glucose levels over follow up, characterized by increased PFAS levels and altered metabolite patterns. This proof-of-concept analysis shows that higher PFAS exposure was associated with dysregulation of several lipid and amino acid pathways and longitudinal alterations in glucose homeostasis in Hispanic youth. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings and fully elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms.},
keywords = {environmental pollution},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
To examine the prospective associations between exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and longitudinal measurements of glucose metabolism in high-risk overweight and obese Hispanic children. Forty overweight and obese Hispanic children (8-14 years) from urban Los Angeles underwent clinical measures and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) at baseline and a follow-up visit (range: 1-3 years after enrollment). Baseline plasma perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and the plasma metabolome were measured by liquid-chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association between baseline PFASs and changes in glucose homeostasis over follow-up. A metabolome-wide association study coupled with pathway enrichment analysis was performed to evaluate metabolic dysregulation associated with plasma PFASs concentrations. We performed a structural integrated analysis aiming to characterize the joint impact of all factors and to identify latent clusters of children with alterations in glucose homeostasis, based on their exposure and metabolomics profile. Each ln (ng/ml) increase in PFOA and PFHxS concentrations was associated with a 30.6 mg/dL (95% CI: 8.8-52.4) and 10.2 mg/dL (95% CI: 2.7-17.7) increase in 2-hour glucose levels, respectively. A ln (ng/ml) increase in PFHxS concentrations was also associated with 17.8 mg/dL increase in the glucose area under the curve (95% CI: 1.5-34.1). Pathway enrichment analysis showed significant alterations of lipids (e.g., glycosphingolipids, linoleic acid, and de novo lipogenesis), and amino acids (e.g., aspartate and asparagine, tyrosine, arginine and proline) in association to PFASs exposure. The integrated analysis identified a cluster of children with increased 2-h glucose levels over follow up, characterized by increased PFAS levels and altered metabolite patterns. This proof-of-concept analysis shows that higher PFAS exposure was associated with dysregulation of several lipid and amino acid pathways and longitudinal alterations in glucose homeostasis in Hispanic youth. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings and fully elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms.
Sylvetsky, A C; Figueroa, J; Rother, K I; Goran, M I; Welsh, J A
Trends in Low-Calorie Sweetener Consumption Among Pregnant Women in the United States Journal Article
In: Curr Dev Nutr, 3 (4), pp. nzz004, 2019.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: sweeteners
@article{pmid30931427,
title = {Trends in Low-Calorie Sweetener Consumption Among Pregnant Women in the United States},
author = {A C Sylvetsky and J Figueroa and K I Rother and M I Goran and J A Welsh},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Curr Dev Nutr},
volume = {3},
number = {4},
pages = {nzz004},
abstract = {Minimizing consumption of added sugars is recommended to prevent excessive weight gain among pregnant women. A common approach to lowering sugar intake is the use of low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs), yet little is known about LCS use during pregnancy or its effects on infant weight and health. The aim of the study was to investigate temporal trends in LCS consumption by source (foods, beverages, or packets) among pregnant women in the United States from 1999 to 2014 and to compare recent LCS consumption patterns across sociodemographic subgroups and product categories. Data were collected from pregnant women aged 20-39 y (n = 1,265) who participated in the NHANES from 1999-2000 through 2013-2014. Prevalence of LCS consumption was assessed using two 24-h dietary recalls. Analytical procedures for complex survey design were used, and sampling weights were applied to estimate national prevalence of LCS use. Rao-Scott modified chi-square tests were used to compare consumption prevalence across sociodemographic subgroups, and logistic regression was used to examine trends in LCS use over time. The prevalence of LCS consumption among pregnant women increased by approximately 50% rising from 16.2% in 1999-2004 to 24.0% in 2007-2014},
keywords = {sweeteners},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Minimizing consumption of added sugars is recommended to prevent excessive weight gain among pregnant women. A common approach to lowering sugar intake is the use of low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs), yet little is known about LCS use during pregnancy or its effects on infant weight and health. The aim of the study was to investigate temporal trends in LCS consumption by source (foods, beverages, or packets) among pregnant women in the United States from 1999 to 2014 and to compare recent LCS consumption patterns across sociodemographic subgroups and product categories. Data were collected from pregnant women aged 20-39 y (n = 1,265) who participated in the NHANES from 1999-2000 through 2013-2014. Prevalence of LCS consumption was assessed using two 24-h dietary recalls. Analytical procedures for complex survey design were used, and sampling weights were applied to estimate national prevalence of LCS use. Rao-Scott modified chi-square tests were used to compare consumption prevalence across sociodemographic subgroups, and logistic regression was used to examine trends in LCS use over time. The prevalence of LCS consumption among pregnant women increased by approximately 50% rising from 16.2% in 1999-2004 to 24.0% in 2007-2014
Berger, P K; Plows, J F; Jones, R B; Pollock, N K; Alderete, T L; Ryoo, J H; Goran, M I
Maternal blood pressure mediates the association between maternal obesity and infant weight gain in early postpartum Journal Article
In: Pediatr Obes, 14 (11), pp. e12560, 2019.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: microbiome, sugar
@article{pmid31297972,
title = {Maternal blood pressure mediates the association between maternal obesity and infant weight gain in early postpartum},
author = {P K Berger and J F Plows and R B Jones and N K Pollock and T L Alderete and J H Ryoo and M I Goran},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {14},
number = {11},
pages = {e12560},
abstract = {It is unknown to what extent higher maternal blood pressure (BP) in early postpartum impacts the relationship between higher maternal weight status and greater infant weight gain in early postpartum. To evaluate the mediating role of higher maternal BP at 1 month postpartum on the association between higher maternal weight status at 1 month postpartum and greater infant weight gain over 6 months postpartum. Participants were 169 Hispanic mother-infant pairs. Maternal body mass index (BMI) and BP were assessed at 1 month postpartum. Infant weight was measured at 1 and 6 months postpartum to calculate weight-for-age z scores (WAZ). Multiple linear regression models were used for prediction, and Sobel test was used to determine mediation. Controlling for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, age, delivery mode, infant sex, and infant birth weight revealed that both maternal BMI (β = .29) and BP (β = .32) predicted infant WAZ gain (both P ≤ .03). However, the relationship between infant WAZ gain and maternal BMI was no longer significant after further adjustment for maternal BP, which remained significant (P < .05). Maternal BP explained 23.6% (Sobel T = 2.01) of the association between maternal BMI at 1 month and infant WAZ gain over 6 months. Our data suggest that higher maternal weight status at 1 month postpartum is related to greater infant weight gain over 6 months postpartum, and this relationship is mediated by higher maternal BP at 1 month postpartum.},
keywords = {microbiome, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
It is unknown to what extent higher maternal blood pressure (BP) in early postpartum impacts the relationship between higher maternal weight status and greater infant weight gain in early postpartum. To evaluate the mediating role of higher maternal BP at 1 month postpartum on the association between higher maternal weight status at 1 month postpartum and greater infant weight gain over 6 months postpartum. Participants were 169 Hispanic mother-infant pairs. Maternal body mass index (BMI) and BP were assessed at 1 month postpartum. Infant weight was measured at 1 and 6 months postpartum to calculate weight-for-age z scores (WAZ). Multiple linear regression models were used for prediction, and Sobel test was used to determine mediation. Controlling for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, age, delivery mode, infant sex, and infant birth weight revealed that both maternal BMI (β = .29) and BP (β = .32) predicted infant WAZ gain (both P ≤ .03). However, the relationship between infant WAZ gain and maternal BMI was no longer significant after further adjustment for maternal BP, which remained significant (P < .05). Maternal BP explained 23.6% (Sobel T = 2.01) of the association between maternal BMI at 1 month and infant WAZ gain over 6 months. Our data suggest that higher maternal weight status at 1 month postpartum is related to greater infant weight gain over 6 months postpartum, and this relationship is mediated by higher maternal BP at 1 month postpartum.
2018
Stanhope, K L; Goran, M I; Bosy-Westphal, A; King, J C; Schmidt, L A; Schwarz, J M; Stice, E; Sylvetsky, A C; Turnbaugh, P J; Bray, G A; Gardner, C D; Havel, P J; Malik, V; Mason, A E; Ravussin, E; Rosenbaum, M; Welsh, J A; Allister-Price, C; Sigala, D M; Greenwood, M R C; Astrup, A; Krauss, R M
Pathways and mechanisms linking dietary components to cardiometabolic disease: thinking beyond calories Journal Article
In: Obes Rev. , 19 (9), pp. 1205–1235, 2018.
@article{pmid29761610,
title = {Pathways and mechanisms linking dietary components to cardiometabolic disease: thinking beyond calories},
author = {K L Stanhope and M I Goran and A Bosy-Westphal and J C King and L A Schmidt and J M Schwarz and E Stice and A C Sylvetsky and P J Turnbaugh and G A Bray and C D Gardner and P J Havel and V Malik and A E Mason and E Ravussin and M Rosenbaum and J A Welsh and C Allister-Price and D M Sigala and M R C Greenwood and A Astrup and R M Krauss},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-01},
journal = {Obes Rev. },
volume = {19},
number = {9},
pages = {1205--1235},
abstract = {Calories from any food have the potential to increase risk for obesity and cardiometabolic disease because all calories can directly contribute to positive energy balance and fat gain. However, various dietary components or patterns may promote obesity and cardiometabolic disease by additional mechanisms that are not mediated solely by caloric content. Researchers explored this topic at the 2017 CrossFit Foundation Academic Conference 'Diet and Cardiometabolic Health - Beyond Calories', and this paper summarizes the presentations and follow-up discussions. Regarding the health effects of dietary fat, sugar and non-nutritive sweeteners, it is concluded that food-specific saturated fatty acids and sugar-sweetened beverages promote cardiometabolic diseases by mechanisms that are additional to their contribution of calories to positive energy balance and that aspartame does not promote weight gain. The challenges involved in conducting and interpreting clinical nutritional research, which preclude more extensive conclusions, are detailed. Emerging research is presented exploring the possibility that responses to certain dietary components/patterns are influenced by the metabolic status, developmental period or genotype of the individual; by the responsiveness of brain regions associated with reward to food cues; or by the microbiome. More research regarding these potential 'beyond calories' mechanisms may lead to new strategies for attenuating the obesity crisis.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Calories from any food have the potential to increase risk for obesity and cardiometabolic disease because all calories can directly contribute to positive energy balance and fat gain. However, various dietary components or patterns may promote obesity and cardiometabolic disease by additional mechanisms that are not mediated solely by caloric content. Researchers explored this topic at the 2017 CrossFit Foundation Academic Conference 'Diet and Cardiometabolic Health - Beyond Calories', and this paper summarizes the presentations and follow-up discussions. Regarding the health effects of dietary fat, sugar and non-nutritive sweeteners, it is concluded that food-specific saturated fatty acids and sugar-sweetened beverages promote cardiometabolic diseases by mechanisms that are additional to their contribution of calories to positive energy balance and that aspartame does not promote weight gain. The challenges involved in conducting and interpreting clinical nutritional research, which preclude more extensive conclusions, are detailed. Emerging research is presented exploring the possibility that responses to certain dietary components/patterns are influenced by the metabolic status, developmental period or genotype of the individual; by the responsiveness of brain regions associated with reward to food cues; or by the microbiome. More research regarding these potential 'beyond calories' mechanisms may lead to new strategies for attenuating the obesity crisis.
Berger, P K; Fields, D A; Demerath, E W; Fujiwara, H; Goran, M I
High-Fructose Corn-Syrup-Sweetened Beverage Intake Increases 5-Ħour Breast Milk Fructose Concentrations in Lactating Women Journal Article
In: Nutrients, 10 (6), 2018.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: breastfeeding, sugar
@article{pmid29795005,
title = {High-Fructose Corn-Syrup-Sweetened Beverage Intake Increases 5-Ħour Breast Milk Fructose Concentrations in Lactating Women},
author = {P K Berger and D A Fields and E W Demerath and H Fujiwara and M I Goran},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-05-01},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
abstract = {This study determined the effects of consuming a high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened beverage on breast milk fructose, glucose, and lactose concentrations in lactating women. At six weeks postpartum, lactating mothers (n = 41) were randomized to a crossover study to consume a commercially available HFCS-sweetened beverage or artificially sweetened control beverage. At each session, mothers pumped a complete breast milk expression every hour for six consecutive hours. The baseline fasting concentrations of breast milk fructose, glucose, and lactose were 5.0 ± 1.3 µg/mL, 0.6 ± 0.3 mg/mL, and 6.8 ± 1.6 g/dL, respectively. The changes over time in breast milk sugars were significant only for fructose (treatment × time, p < 0.01). Post hoc comparisons showed the HFCS-sweetened beverage vs. control beverage increased breast milk fructose at 120 min (8.8 ± 2.1 vs. 5.3 ± 1.9 µg/mL), 180 min (9.4 ± 1.9 vs. 5.2 ± 2.2 µg/mL), 240 min (7.8 ± 1.7 vs. 5.1 ± 1.9 µg/mL), and 300 min (6.9 ± 1.4 vs. 4.9 ± 1.9 µg/mL) (all p < 0.05). The mean incremental area under the curve for breast milk fructose was also different between treatments (14.7 ± 1.2 vs. -2.60 ± 1.2 µg/mL × 360 min, p < 0.01). There was no treatment × time interaction for breast milk glucose or lactose. Our data suggest that the consumption of an HFCS-sweetened beverage increased breast milk fructose concentrations, which remained elevated up to five hours post-consumption.},
keywords = {breastfeeding, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This study determined the effects of consuming a high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened beverage on breast milk fructose, glucose, and lactose concentrations in lactating women. At six weeks postpartum, lactating mothers (n = 41) were randomized to a crossover study to consume a commercially available HFCS-sweetened beverage or artificially sweetened control beverage. At each session, mothers pumped a complete breast milk expression every hour for six consecutive hours. The baseline fasting concentrations of breast milk fructose, glucose, and lactose were 5.0 ± 1.3 µg/mL, 0.6 ± 0.3 mg/mL, and 6.8 ± 1.6 g/dL, respectively. The changes over time in breast milk sugars were significant only for fructose (treatment × time, p < 0.01). Post hoc comparisons showed the HFCS-sweetened beverage vs. control beverage increased breast milk fructose at 120 min (8.8 ± 2.1 vs. 5.3 ± 1.9 µg/mL), 180 min (9.4 ± 1.9 vs. 5.2 ± 2.2 µg/mL), 240 min (7.8 ± 1.7 vs. 5.1 ± 1.9 µg/mL), and 300 min (6.9 ± 1.4 vs. 4.9 ± 1.9 µg/mL) (all p < 0.05). The mean incremental area under the curve for breast milk fructose was also different between treatments (14.7 ± 1.2 vs. -2.60 ± 1.2 µg/mL × 360 min, p < 0.01). There was no treatment × time interaction for breast milk glucose or lactose. Our data suggest that the consumption of an HFCS-sweetened beverage increased breast milk fructose concentrations, which remained elevated up to five hours post-consumption.
Toledo-Corral, C M; Alderete, T L; Habre, R; Berhane, K; Lurmann, F W; Weigensberg, M J; Goran, M I; Gilliland, F D
Effects of air pollution exposure on glucose metabolism in Los Angeles minority children Journal Article
In: Pediatr Obes, 13 (1), pp. 54–62, 2018.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: environmental pollution
@article{pmid27923100,
title = {Effects of air pollution exposure on glucose metabolism in Los Angeles minority children},
author = {C M Toledo-Corral and T L Alderete and R Habre and K Berhane and F W Lurmann and M J Weigensberg and M I Goran and F D Gilliland},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {54--62},
abstract = {Growing evidence indicates that ambient (AAP: NO2 , PM2.5 and O3 ) and traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) contribute to metabolic disease risk in adults; however, few studies have examined these relationships in children. Metabolic profiling was performed in 429 overweight and obese African-American and Latino youth living in urban Los Angeles, California. This cross-sectional study estimated individual residential air pollution exposure and used linear regression to examine relationships between air pollution and metabolic outcomes. AAP and TRAP exposure were associated with adverse effects on glucose metabolism independent of body fat percent. PM2.5 was associated with 25.0% higher fasting insulin (p < 0.001), 8.3% lower insulin sensitivity (p < 0.001), 14.7% higher acute insulin response to glucose (p = 0.001) and 1.7% higher fasting glucose (p < 0.001). Similar associations were observed for increased NO2 exposure. TRAP from non-freeway roads was associated with 12.1% higher insulin (p < 0.001), 6.9% lower insulin sensitivity (p = 0.02), 10.8% higher acute insulin response to glucose (p = 0.003) and 0.7% higher fasting glucose (p = 0.047). Elevated air pollution exposure was associated with a metabolic profile that is characteristic of increased risk for type 2 diabetes. These results indicate that increased prior year exposure to air pollution may adversely affect type 2 diabetes-related pathophysiology in overweight and obese minority children.},
keywords = {environmental pollution},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Growing evidence indicates that ambient (AAP: NO2 , PM2.5 and O3 ) and traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) contribute to metabolic disease risk in adults; however, few studies have examined these relationships in children. Metabolic profiling was performed in 429 overweight and obese African-American and Latino youth living in urban Los Angeles, California. This cross-sectional study estimated individual residential air pollution exposure and used linear regression to examine relationships between air pollution and metabolic outcomes. AAP and TRAP exposure were associated with adverse effects on glucose metabolism independent of body fat percent. PM2.5 was associated with 25.0% higher fasting insulin (p < 0.001), 8.3% lower insulin sensitivity (p < 0.001), 14.7% higher acute insulin response to glucose (p = 0.001) and 1.7% higher fasting glucose (p < 0.001). Similar associations were observed for increased NO2 exposure. TRAP from non-freeway roads was associated with 12.1% higher insulin (p < 0.001), 6.9% lower insulin sensitivity (p = 0.02), 10.8% higher acute insulin response to glucose (p = 0.003) and 0.7% higher fasting glucose (p = 0.047). Elevated air pollution exposure was associated with a metabolic profile that is characteristic of increased risk for type 2 diabetes. These results indicate that increased prior year exposure to air pollution may adversely affect type 2 diabetes-related pathophysiology in overweight and obese minority children.
Hasson, R E; Hsu, Y J; Davis, J N; Goran, M I; Spruijt-Metz, D
The Influence of Parental Education on Đietary Intake in Latino Youth Journal Article
In: J Immigr Minor Health, 20 (1), pp. 250–254, 2018.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: pediatric obesity
@article{pmid28271345,
title = {The Influence of Parental Education on Đietary Intake in Latino Youth},
author = {R E Hasson and Y J Hsu and J N Davis and M I Goran and D Spruijt-Metz},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {J Immigr Minor Health},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {250--254},
abstract = {Acculturation to the US culture is associated with suboptimal dietary choices in Latino youth. The role of parental education in shaping children's nutrition is less clear. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between parental education, acculturation and dietary intake in 96 Latino youth ages 8-18 years. Parental education was assessed using a seven-category variable. Acculturation was assessed using the Acculturation, Habits, and Interests Multicultural Scale for Adolescents questionnaire. Dietary intake was assessed via 24-h dietary recalls using the multiple pass technique. Parental education was associated with lower fat intake (β = -0.115},
keywords = {pediatric obesity},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Acculturation to the US culture is associated with suboptimal dietary choices in Latino youth. The role of parental education in shaping children's nutrition is less clear. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between parental education, acculturation and dietary intake in 96 Latino youth ages 8-18 years. Parental education was assessed using a seven-category variable. Acculturation was assessed using the Acculturation, Habits, and Interests Multicultural Scale for Adolescents questionnaire. Dietary intake was assessed via 24-h dietary recalls using the multiple pass technique. Parental education was associated with lower fat intake (β = -0.115
Goran, M I; Riemer, S L; Alderete, T L
Simplified and age-appropriate recommendations for added sugars in children Journal Article
In: Pediatr Obes, 13 (4), pp. 269–272, 2018.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: sugar
@article{pmid28921869,
title = {Simplified and age-appropriate recommendations for added sugars in children},
author = {M I Goran and S L Riemer and T L Alderete},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {269--272},
abstract = {Excess sugar intake increases risk for obesity and related comorbidities among children. The World Health Organization (WHO), American Heart Association (AHA) and the 2015 USDA dietary recommendations have proposed guidelines for added sugar intake to reduce risk for disease. WHO and USDA recommendations are presented as a percentage of daily calories from added sugar. This approach is not easily understood or translated to children, where energy needs increase with age. The AHA recommendation is based on a fixed value of 25 g of added sugar for all children 2-19 years of age. This approach does not take into account the different levels of intake across this wide age range. Due to these limitations, we adapted current recommendations for added sugars based on daily energy needs of children 2-19 years. We used those values to derive simple regression equations to predict grams or teaspoons of added sugars per day based on age that would be equivalent to 10% of daily energy needs. This proposed approach aligns with the changing nutritional needs of children and adolescents during growth.},
keywords = {sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Excess sugar intake increases risk for obesity and related comorbidities among children. The World Health Organization (WHO), American Heart Association (AHA) and the 2015 USDA dietary recommendations have proposed guidelines for added sugar intake to reduce risk for disease. WHO and USDA recommendations are presented as a percentage of daily calories from added sugar. This approach is not easily understood or translated to children, where energy needs increase with age. The AHA recommendation is based on a fixed value of 25 g of added sugar for all children 2-19 years of age. This approach does not take into account the different levels of intake across this wide age range. Due to these limitations, we adapted current recommendations for added sugars based on daily energy needs of children 2-19 years. We used those values to derive simple regression equations to predict grams or teaspoons of added sugars per day based on age that would be equivalent to 10% of daily energy needs. This proposed approach aligns with the changing nutritional needs of children and adolescents during growth.
Alderete, TL; Jones, RB; Chen, Z; Kim, JS; Habre, R; Lurmann, F; Gilliland, FD; Goran, MI
Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and the composition of the gut microbiota in overweight and obese adolescents Journal Article
In: Environ. Res., 161 , pp. 472–478, 2018.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: environmental pollution, microbiota, traffic-related pollution
@article{pmid29220800,
title = {Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and the composition of the gut microbiota in overweight and obese adolescents},
author = {TL Alderete and RB Jones and Z Chen and JS Kim and R Habre and F Lurmann and FD Gilliland and MI Goran},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Environ. Res.},
volume = {161},
pages = {472--478},
abstract = {Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) exposure has been linked to type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction in humans. Animal studies suggest that air pollutants may alter the composition of the gut microbiota, which may negatively impact metabolic health through changes in the composition and/or function of the gut microbiome. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether elevated TRAP exposure was correlated with gut bacterial taxa in overweight and obese adolescents from the Meta-AIR (Metabolic and Asthma Incidence Research) study. The secondary aim was to examine whether gut microbial taxa correlated with TRAP were also correlated with risk factors for type 2 diabetes (e.g., fasting glucose levels). We additionally explored whether correlations between TRAP and these metabolic risk factors could be explained by the relative abundance of these taxa. Participants (17-19 years; n=43) were enrolled between 2014 and 2016 from Southern California. The CALINE4 line dispersion model was used to model prior year residential concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) as a marker of traffic emissions. The relative abundance of fecal microbiota was characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing and spearman partial correlations were examined after adjusting for body fat percent. Freeway TRAP was correlated with decreased Bacteroidaceae (r=-0.48; p=0.001) and increased Coriobacteriaceae (r=0.48; p<0.001). These same taxa were correlated with fasting glucose levels, including Bacteroidaceae (r=-0.34; p=0.04) and Coriobacteriaceae (r=0.41; p<0.01). Further, freeway TRAP was positively correlated fasting glucose (r=0.45; p=0.004) and Bacteroidaceae and Coriobacteriaceae explained 24% and 29% of the correlation between TRAP and fasting glucose levels. Increased TRAP exposure was correlated with gut microbial taxa and fasting glucose levels. Gut microbial taxa that were correlated with TRAP partially explained the correlation between TRAP and fasting glucose levels. These results suggest that exposure to air pollutants may negatively impact metabolic health via alterations in the gut microbiota.},
keywords = {environmental pollution, microbiota, traffic-related pollution},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) exposure has been linked to type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction in humans. Animal studies suggest that air pollutants may alter the composition of the gut microbiota, which may negatively impact metabolic health through changes in the composition and/or function of the gut microbiome. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether elevated TRAP exposure was correlated with gut bacterial taxa in overweight and obese adolescents from the Meta-AIR (Metabolic and Asthma Incidence Research) study. The secondary aim was to examine whether gut microbial taxa correlated with TRAP were also correlated with risk factors for type 2 diabetes (e.g., fasting glucose levels). We additionally explored whether correlations between TRAP and these metabolic risk factors could be explained by the relative abundance of these taxa. Participants (17-19 years; n=43) were enrolled between 2014 and 2016 from Southern California. The CALINE4 line dispersion model was used to model prior year residential concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) as a marker of traffic emissions. The relative abundance of fecal microbiota was characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing and spearman partial correlations were examined after adjusting for body fat percent. Freeway TRAP was correlated with decreased Bacteroidaceae (r=-0.48; p=0.001) and increased Coriobacteriaceae (r=0.48; p<0.001). These same taxa were correlated with fasting glucose levels, including Bacteroidaceae (r=-0.34; p=0.04) and Coriobacteriaceae (r=0.41; p<0.01). Further, freeway TRAP was positively correlated fasting glucose (r=0.45; p=0.004) and Bacteroidaceae and Coriobacteriaceae explained 24% and 29% of the correlation between TRAP and fasting glucose levels. Increased TRAP exposure was correlated with gut microbial taxa and fasting glucose levels. Gut microbial taxa that were correlated with TRAP partially explained the correlation between TRAP and fasting glucose levels. These results suggest that exposure to air pollutants may negatively impact metabolic health via alterations in the gut microbiota.
Jones, R B; Alderete, T L; Martin, A A; Geary, B A; Hwang, D H; Palmer, S L; Goran, M I
Probiotic supplementation increases obesity with no detectable effects on liver fat or gut microbiota in obese Hispanic adolescents: a 16-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial Journal Article
In: Pediatr Obes, 13 (11), pp. 705–714, 2018.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: liver fat, microbiome
@article{pmid29493105,
title = {Probiotic supplementation increases obesity with no detectable effects on liver fat or gut microbiota in obese Hispanic adolescents: a 16-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial},
author = {R B Jones and T L Alderete and A A Martin and B A Geary and D H Hwang and S L Palmer and M I Goran},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {13},
number = {11},
pages = {705--714},
abstract = {Numerous studies have shown that there are links between obesity, liver fat and the gut microbiome. However, there are mixed results on whether probiotics could impact the gut microbiome and/or help to decrease liver fat and obesity outcomes. This study aimed to determine whether a probiotic supplement (VSL#3® ) intervention altered gut microbiota and/or gut hormones associated with appetite regulation. The secondary aim of this study was to determine whether VSL#3® altered body composition and liver fat and fibrosis. We conducted a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial in 19 obese Latino adolescents. The intervention consisted of three packets per day of VSL#3® or a matched placebo for 16 weeks. Pre-intervention and post-intervention measures included gut microbial abundance, gut appetite regulating hormones, anthropometrics, body composition, liver fat and liver fibrosis. We conducted linear models to determine whether there were any significant differences in the changes in these outcomes following VSL#3® intervention. Compared with placebo, adolescents that received VSL#3 had significant increases in total adiposity (%) (+1.7 ± 0.6 vs. -1.3 ± 0.5, p < 0.01) and trunk adiposity (%) (+3.3 ± 0.8 vs. -1.8 ± 0.8, p < 0.01) with no significant effects on liver fat/fibrosis, insulin/glucose, gut microbial abundances or gut hormones. VSL#3 supplementation may lead to increased adiposity in obese Latino adolescents with no significant detectable changes in gut microbiota, gut appetite-regulating hormones, liver fat and fibrosis and dietary intake. However, it is important to note that recruitment efforts were terminated early and the sample size fell short of what was planned for this trial.},
keywords = {liver fat, microbiome},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Numerous studies have shown that there are links between obesity, liver fat and the gut microbiome. However, there are mixed results on whether probiotics could impact the gut microbiome and/or help to decrease liver fat and obesity outcomes. This study aimed to determine whether a probiotic supplement (VSL#3® ) intervention altered gut microbiota and/or gut hormones associated with appetite regulation. The secondary aim of this study was to determine whether VSL#3® altered body composition and liver fat and fibrosis. We conducted a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial in 19 obese Latino adolescents. The intervention consisted of three packets per day of VSL#3® or a matched placebo for 16 weeks. Pre-intervention and post-intervention measures included gut microbial abundance, gut appetite regulating hormones, anthropometrics, body composition, liver fat and liver fibrosis. We conducted linear models to determine whether there were any significant differences in the changes in these outcomes following VSL#3® intervention. Compared with placebo, adolescents that received VSL#3 had significant increases in total adiposity (%) (+1.7 ± 0.6 vs. -1.3 ± 0.5, p < 0.01) and trunk adiposity (%) (+3.3 ± 0.8 vs. -1.8 ± 0.8, p < 0.01) with no significant effects on liver fat/fibrosis, insulin/glucose, gut microbial abundances or gut hormones. VSL#3 supplementation may lead to increased adiposity in obese Latino adolescents with no significant detectable changes in gut microbiota, gut appetite-regulating hormones, liver fat and fibrosis and dietary intake. However, it is important to note that recruitment efforts were terminated early and the sample size fell short of what was planned for this trial.
Davis, J N; Asigbee, F M; Markowitz, A K; Landry, M J; Vandyousefi, S; Khazaee, E; Ghaddar, R; Goran, M I
Consumption of artificial sweetened beverages associated with adiposity and increasing ĦbA1c in Hispanic youth Journal Article
In: Clin Obes, 8 (4), pp. 236–243, 2018.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: sweeteners
@article{pmid29896938,
title = {Consumption of artificial sweetened beverages associated with adiposity and increasing ĦbA1c in Hispanic youth},
author = {J N Davis and F M Asigbee and A K Markowitz and M J Landry and S Vandyousefi and E Khazaee and R Ghaddar and M I Goran},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Clin Obes},
volume = {8},
number = {4},
pages = {236--243},
abstract = {Research examining the impact of artificial sweetened beverages (ASBs) on obesity and metabolic diseases in adolescents is limited. The overall goal is to examine the longitudinal effects of ASBs on changes in adiposity and metabolic parameters in Hispanic adolescents. Longitudinal cohort with 98 Hispanics (12-18 years) who were overweight or had obesity with the following data at baseline and 1-year later: anthropometrics, diet (24-h recalls), body composition (DXA), glucose and insulin dynamics (oral glucose tolerance and frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test) and fasting lipids. Repeated measures analyses of covariance assessed changes over time between control (no ASBs at either visit), ASB initiators (no ASBs at baseline/ASBs at 1-year) and chronic ASB consumers (ASBs at both visits). ASB initiators (n = 14) and chronic ASB consumers (n = 9) compared to control (n = 75) had higher total body fat at baseline and 1-year (P = 0.05 for group effect). Chronic ASB consumers had a 6% increase in haemoglobin A1c, 34% increase in energy intake (kcal d-1 ) and 39% increase in carbohydrate intake (g d-1 ) over time, while control and ASB initiators maintained (P < 0.05 for group-by-time interactions). These results do not support promoting ASBs as a strategy for adiposity loss or to improve metabolic health.},
keywords = {sweeteners},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Research examining the impact of artificial sweetened beverages (ASBs) on obesity and metabolic diseases in adolescents is limited. The overall goal is to examine the longitudinal effects of ASBs on changes in adiposity and metabolic parameters in Hispanic adolescents. Longitudinal cohort with 98 Hispanics (12-18 years) who were overweight or had obesity with the following data at baseline and 1-year later: anthropometrics, diet (24-h recalls), body composition (DXA), glucose and insulin dynamics (oral glucose tolerance and frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test) and fasting lipids. Repeated measures analyses of covariance assessed changes over time between control (no ASBs at either visit), ASB initiators (no ASBs at baseline/ASBs at 1-year) and chronic ASB consumers (ASBs at both visits). ASB initiators (n = 14) and chronic ASB consumers (n = 9) compared to control (n = 75) had higher total body fat at baseline and 1-year (P = 0.05 for group effect). Chronic ASB consumers had a 6% increase in haemoglobin A1c, 34% increase in energy intake (kcal d-1 ) and 39% increase in carbohydrate intake (g d-1 ) over time, while control and ASB initiators maintained (P < 0.05 for group-by-time interactions). These results do not support promoting ASBs as a strategy for adiposity loss or to improve metabolic health.
2017
Goran, M I; Martin, A A; Alderete, T L; Fujiwara, H; Fields, D A
Fructose in Breast Milk Is Positively Associated with Infant Body Composition at 6 Months of Age Journal Article
In: Nutrients, 9 (2), 2017.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: breastfeeding, sugar
@article{pmid28212335,
title = {Fructose in Breast Milk Is Positively Associated with Infant Body Composition at 6 Months of Age},
author = {M I Goran and A A Martin and T L Alderete and H Fujiwara and D A Fields},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-02-01},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
abstract = {Dietary sugars have been shown to promote excess adiposity among children and adults; however, no study has examined fructose in human milk and its effects on body composition during infancy. Twenty-five mother-infant dyads attended clinical visits to the Oklahoma Health Sciences Center at 1 and 6 months of infant age. Infants were exclusively breastfed for 6 months and sugars in breast milk (i.e., fructose, glucose, lactose) were measured by Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and glucose oxidase. Infant body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 1 and 6 months. Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations between breast milk sugars and infant body composition at 6 months of age. Fructose, glucose, and lactose were present in breast milk and stable across visits (means = 6.7 μg/mL, 255.2 μg/mL, and 7.6 g/dL, respectively). Despite its very low concentration, fructose was the only sugar significantly associated with infant body composition. A 1-μg/mL higher breast milk fructose was associated with a 257 g higher body weight (p = 0.02), 170 g higher lean mass (p = 0.01), 131 g higher fat mass (p = 0.05), and 5 g higher bone mineral content (p = 0.03). In conclusion, fructose is detectable in human breast milk and is positively associated with all components of body composition at 6 months of age.},
keywords = {breastfeeding, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Dietary sugars have been shown to promote excess adiposity among children and adults; however, no study has examined fructose in human milk and its effects on body composition during infancy. Twenty-five mother-infant dyads attended clinical visits to the Oklahoma Health Sciences Center at 1 and 6 months of infant age. Infants were exclusively breastfed for 6 months and sugars in breast milk (i.e., fructose, glucose, lactose) were measured by Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and glucose oxidase. Infant body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 1 and 6 months. Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations between breast milk sugars and infant body composition at 6 months of age. Fructose, glucose, and lactose were present in breast milk and stable across visits (means = 6.7 μg/mL, 255.2 μg/mL, and 7.6 g/dL, respectively). Despite its very low concentration, fructose was the only sugar significantly associated with infant body composition. A 1-μg/mL higher breast milk fructose was associated with a 257 g higher body weight (p = 0.02), 170 g higher lean mass (p = 0.01), 131 g higher fat mass (p = 0.05), and 5 g higher bone mineral content (p = 0.03). In conclusion, fructose is detectable in human breast milk and is positively associated with all components of body composition at 6 months of age.
Noble, E E; Hsu, T M; Jones, R B; Fodor, A A; Goran, M I; Kanoski, S E
Early-Life Sugar Consumption Affects the Rat Microbiome Independently of Obesity Journal Article
In: J. Nutr., 147 (1), pp. 20–28, 2017.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: microbiome, sugar
@article{pmid27903830,
title = {Early-Life Sugar Consumption Affects the Rat Microbiome Independently of Obesity},
author = {E E Noble and T M Hsu and R B Jones and A A Fodor and M I Goran and S E Kanoski},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {J. Nutr.},
volume = {147},
number = {1},
pages = {20--28},
abstract = {The gut microbiome has been implicated in various metabolic and neurocognitive disorders and is heavily influenced by dietary factors, but there is a paucity of research on the effects of added sugars on the gut microbiome. With the use of a rodent model, our goal was to determine how added-sugar consumption during the juvenile and adolescent phase of development affects the gut microbiome. Forty-two juvenile male Sprague-Dawley rats [postnatal day (PND) 26; 50-70 g] were given access to 1 of 3 different 11%-carbohydrate solutions designed to model a range of monosaccharide ratios commonly consumed in sugar-sweetened beverages: 1) 35% fructose:65% glucose, 2) 50% fructose:50% glucose, 3) 65% fructose:35% glucose, and 4) control (no sugar). After ad libitum access to the respective solutions for the juvenile and adolescent period (PND 26-80), fecal samples were collected for next-generation 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and multivariate microbial composition analyses. Energy intake, weight change, and adiposity index were analyzed in relation to sugar consumption and the microbiota. Body weight, adiposity index, and total caloric intake did not differ as a result of sugar consumption. However, sugar consumption altered the gut microbiome independently of anthropometric measures and caloric intake. At the genus level, Prevotella [linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score = -4.62; P < 0.001] and Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis (LDA score = -3.01; P = 0.03) were reduced, whereas Bacteroides (LDA score = 4.19; P < 0.001), Alistipes (LDA score = 3.88; P < 0.001), Lactobacillus (LDA score = 3.78; P < 0.001), Clostridium sensu stricto (LDA score = 3.77; P < 0.001), Bifidobacteriaceae (LDA score = 3.59; P = 0.001), and Parasutterella (LDA score = 3.79; P = 0.004) were elevated by sugar consumption. No overall pattern could be attributable to monosaccharide ratio. Early-life sugar consumption affects the gut microbiome in rats independently of caloric intake, body weight, or adiposity index; these effects are robust across a range of fructose-to-glucose ratios.},
keywords = {microbiome, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The gut microbiome has been implicated in various metabolic and neurocognitive disorders and is heavily influenced by dietary factors, but there is a paucity of research on the effects of added sugars on the gut microbiome. With the use of a rodent model, our goal was to determine how added-sugar consumption during the juvenile and adolescent phase of development affects the gut microbiome. Forty-two juvenile male Sprague-Dawley rats [postnatal day (PND) 26; 50-70 g] were given access to 1 of 3 different 11%-carbohydrate solutions designed to model a range of monosaccharide ratios commonly consumed in sugar-sweetened beverages: 1) 35% fructose:65% glucose, 2) 50% fructose:50% glucose, 3) 65% fructose:35% glucose, and 4) control (no sugar). After ad libitum access to the respective solutions for the juvenile and adolescent period (PND 26-80), fecal samples were collected for next-generation 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and multivariate microbial composition analyses. Energy intake, weight change, and adiposity index were analyzed in relation to sugar consumption and the microbiota. Body weight, adiposity index, and total caloric intake did not differ as a result of sugar consumption. However, sugar consumption altered the gut microbiome independently of anthropometric measures and caloric intake. At the genus level, Prevotella [linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score = -4.62; P < 0.001] and Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis (LDA score = -3.01; P = 0.03) were reduced, whereas Bacteroides (LDA score = 4.19; P < 0.001), Alistipes (LDA score = 3.88; P < 0.001), Lactobacillus (LDA score = 3.78; P < 0.001), Clostridium sensu stricto (LDA score = 3.77; P < 0.001), Bifidobacteriaceae (LDA score = 3.59; P = 0.001), and Parasutterella (LDA score = 3.79; P = 0.004) were elevated by sugar consumption. No overall pattern could be attributable to monosaccharide ratio. Early-life sugar consumption affects the gut microbiome in rats independently of caloric intake, body weight, or adiposity index; these effects are robust across a range of fructose-to-glucose ratios.
Salvy, S J; de la Haye, K; Galama, T; Goran, M I
Home visitation programs: an untapped opportunity for the delivery of early childhood obesity prevention Journal Article
In: Obes Rev, 18 (2), pp. 149–163, 2017.
@article{pmid27911984,
title = {Home visitation programs: an untapped opportunity for the delivery of early childhood obesity prevention},
author = {S J Salvy and K de la Haye and T Galama and M I Goran},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Obes Rev},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {149--163},
abstract = {Extant obesity efforts have had limited impact among low-income underserved children, in part because of limitations inherent to existing programs: (i) short duration and low intensity; (ii) late timing of implementation, when children are already overweight or obese; (iii) intervention delivery limiting their accessibility and sustainability; and (iv) failure to address barriers such as a lack of culturally competent services, poverty and housing instability, which interfere with healthy lifestyle changes. This concept paper proposes an innovative model of obesity prevention implemented in infancy and sustained throughout early childhood to address the limitations of current obesity prevention efforts. Specifically, we propose to integrate sustained, weekly, in-home obesity prevention as part of the services already delivered by ongoing Home Visitation Programs, which currently do not target obesity prevention. The home visiting structure represents an ideal model for impactful obesity prevention as home visitation programs: (i) already provide comprehensive services to diverse low-income infants and families who are most at risk for obesity and poor health because of socio-economic and structural conditions; (ii) services are initiated in infancy and sustained throughout critical developmental periods for the formation of healthy/unhealthy behaviors; and (iii) have been in place for more than 40 years, with a widespread presence across the United States and nationwide, which is critical for the scalability and sustainability of obesity prevention.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Extant obesity efforts have had limited impact among low-income underserved children, in part because of limitations inherent to existing programs: (i) short duration and low intensity; (ii) late timing of implementation, when children are already overweight or obese; (iii) intervention delivery limiting their accessibility and sustainability; and (iv) failure to address barriers such as a lack of culturally competent services, poverty and housing instability, which interfere with healthy lifestyle changes. This concept paper proposes an innovative model of obesity prevention implemented in infancy and sustained throughout early childhood to address the limitations of current obesity prevention efforts. Specifically, we propose to integrate sustained, weekly, in-home obesity prevention as part of the services already delivered by ongoing Home Visitation Programs, which currently do not target obesity prevention. The home visiting structure represents an ideal model for impactful obesity prevention as home visitation programs: (i) already provide comprehensive services to diverse low-income infants and families who are most at risk for obesity and poor health because of socio-economic and structural conditions; (ii) services are initiated in infancy and sustained throughout critical developmental periods for the formation of healthy/unhealthy behaviors; and (iii) have been in place for more than 40 years, with a widespread presence across the United States and nationwide, which is critical for the scalability and sustainability of obesity prevention.
Longitudinal Associations Between Ambient Air Pollution With Insulin Sensitivity, β-Cell Function, and Adiposity in Los Angeles Latino Children Journal Article
In: Diabetes, 66 (7), pp. 1789–1796, 2017.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: environmental pollution
@article{pmid28137791,
title = {Longitudinal Associations Between Ambient Air Pollution With Insulin Sensitivity, β-Cell Function, and Adiposity in Los Angeles Latino Children},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Diabetes},
volume = {66},
number = {7},
pages = {1789--1796},
abstract = {Evidence suggests that ambient air pollution (AAP) exposure may contribute to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to determine whether exposure to elevated concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 (PM2.5) had adverse effects on longitudinal measures of insulin sensitivity (SI), β-cell function, and obesity in children at high risk for developing diabetes. Overweight and obese Latino children (8-15 years; n = 314) were enrolled between 2001 and 2012 from Los Angeles, CA, and followed for an average of 3.4 years (SD 3.1 years). Linear mixed-effects models were fitted to assess relationships between AAP exposure and outcomes after adjusting for covariates including body fat percent. Higher NO2 and PM2.5 were associated with a faster decline in SI and a lower SI at age 18 years, independent of adiposity. NO2 exposure negatively affected β-cell function, evidenced by a faster decline in disposition index (DI) and a lower DI at age 18 years. Higher NO2 and PM2.5 exposures over follow-up were also associated with a higher BMI at age 18 years. AAP exposure may contribute to development of type 2 diabetes through direct effects on SI and β-cell function.},
keywords = {environmental pollution},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Evidence suggests that ambient air pollution (AAP) exposure may contribute to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to determine whether exposure to elevated concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 (PM2.5) had adverse effects on longitudinal measures of insulin sensitivity (SI), β-cell function, and obesity in children at high risk for developing diabetes. Overweight and obese Latino children (8-15 years; n = 314) were enrolled between 2001 and 2012 from Los Angeles, CA, and followed for an average of 3.4 years (SD 3.1 years). Linear mixed-effects models were fitted to assess relationships between AAP exposure and outcomes after adjusting for covariates including body fat percent. Higher NO2 and PM2.5 were associated with a faster decline in SI and a lower SI at age 18 years, independent of adiposity. NO2 exposure negatively affected β-cell function, evidenced by a faster decline in disposition index (DI) and a lower DI at age 18 years. Higher NO2 and PM2.5 exposures over follow-up were also associated with a higher BMI at age 18 years. AAP exposure may contribute to development of type 2 diabetes through direct effects on SI and β-cell function.
Vos, M B; Goran, M I
Sugar, Sugar . . . Not So Sweet for the Liver Journal Article
In: Gastroenterology, 153 (3), pp. 642–645, 2017.
BibTeX | Tags:
@article{pmid28757270,
title = {Sugar, Sugar . . . Not So Sweet for the Liver},
author = {M B Vos and M I Goran},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Gastroenterology},
volume = {153},
number = {3},
pages = {642--645},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2016
Miller, S J; Batra, A K; Shearrer, G E; House, B T; Cook, L T; Pont, S J; Goran, M I; Davis, J N
Dietary fibre linked to decreased inflammation in overweight minority youth Journal Article
In: Pediatr Obes, 11 (1), pp. 33–39, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: fiber
@article{pmid25728000,
title = {Dietary fibre linked to decreased inflammation in overweight minority youth},
author = {S J Miller and A K Batra and G E Shearrer and B T House and L T Cook and S J Pont and M I Goran and J N Davis},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-02-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {33--39},
abstract = {The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between diet and inflammation, and adiposity in minority youth. The study was designed as a cross-sectional analysis of 142 overweight (≥85th body mass index percentile) Hispanic and African-American adolescents (14-18 years) with the following measures: anthropometrics, adiposity via magnetic resonance imaging, dietary intake via 24-h dietary recalls, and inflammation markers from fasting blood draws utilizing a multiplex panel. Partial correlations were estimated and analysis of covariance (ancova) models fit to examine the relationship among dietary variables, inflammation markers and adiposity measures with the following a priori covariates: Tanner stage, ethnicity, sex, total energy intake, total body fat and total lean mass. Inference based on ancova models showed that the highest tertile of fibre intake (mean intake of 21.3 ± 6.1 g d(-1) ) vs. the lowest tertile of fibre intake (mean intake of 7.4 ± 1.8 g d(-1) ) was associated with 36% lower plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (P = 0.02) and 43% lower resistin (P = 0.02), independent of covariates. Similar results were seen for insoluble fibre. No other dietary variables included in this study were associated with inflammation markers. These results suggest that increases in dietary fibre could play an important role in lowering inflammation and therefore metabolic disease risk in high-risk minority youth.},
keywords = {fiber},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between diet and inflammation, and adiposity in minority youth. The study was designed as a cross-sectional analysis of 142 overweight (≥85th body mass index percentile) Hispanic and African-American adolescents (14-18 years) with the following measures: anthropometrics, adiposity via magnetic resonance imaging, dietary intake via 24-h dietary recalls, and inflammation markers from fasting blood draws utilizing a multiplex panel. Partial correlations were estimated and analysis of covariance (ancova) models fit to examine the relationship among dietary variables, inflammation markers and adiposity measures with the following a priori covariates: Tanner stage, ethnicity, sex, total energy intake, total body fat and total lean mass. Inference based on ancova models showed that the highest tertile of fibre intake (mean intake of 21.3 ± 6.1 g d(-1) ) vs. the lowest tertile of fibre intake (mean intake of 7.4 ± 1.8 g d(-1) ) was associated with 36% lower plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (P = 0.02) and 43% lower resistin (P = 0.02), independent of covariates. Similar results were seen for insoluble fibre. No other dietary variables included in this study were associated with inflammation markers. These results suggest that increases in dietary fibre could play an important role in lowering inflammation and therefore metabolic disease risk in high-risk minority youth.
Shearrer, G E; O'Reilly, G A; Belcher, B R; Daniels, M J; Goran, M I; Spruijt-Metz, D; Davis, J N
The impact of sugar sweetened beverage intake on hunger and satiety in minority adolescents Journal Article
In: 97 , pp. 43–48, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: sugar
@article{pmid26606887,
title = {The impact of sugar sweetened beverage intake on hunger and satiety in minority adolescents},
author = {G E Shearrer and G A O'Reilly and B R Belcher and M J Daniels and M I Goran and D Spruijt-Metz and J N Davis},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-02-01},
volume = {97},
pages = {43--48},
abstract = {Limited research has examined the effects of habitual SSB consumption on hunger/fullness ratings and gut hormones. This study hypothesized that high versus low intakes of habitual SSBs would result in greater hunger, decreased fullness, and a blunted gut hormone response, however the high versus low fiber group would exhibit decreased hunger and increased fullness. This was a randomized crossover feeding trial with 47 African American and Hispanic adolescents. The experiment included three 24-hour recalls to assess habitual dietary intake. During the test meal phase, subjects were served breakfast and lunch. During the ad libitum meal phase, subjects were fed an ad libitum dinner. During the test meal phase, blood was drawn every 30 minutes for 3 hours. During the ad libitum meal phase, hunger and fullness visual analogue scales were completed. For this analysis, subjects were grouped into the following habitual SSB categories: low SSB (≤1 SSB serv/day), medium SSB (>1 - <2 serv/day), and high SSB (≥2 serv/day). Fiber categories were created based on quartiles of intake. Mixed modeling was used to explore how SSB and fiber categories predicted ghrelin/PYY values and hunger/fullness ratings across time within and between test meals. The following a priori covariates included: sex, ethnicity, age, and obesity status. The low SSB group had higher fullness ratings over the ad libitum meal compared to the high SSB group (β =-0.49},
keywords = {sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Limited research has examined the effects of habitual SSB consumption on hunger/fullness ratings and gut hormones. This study hypothesized that high versus low intakes of habitual SSBs would result in greater hunger, decreased fullness, and a blunted gut hormone response, however the high versus low fiber group would exhibit decreased hunger and increased fullness. This was a randomized crossover feeding trial with 47 African American and Hispanic adolescents. The experiment included three 24-hour recalls to assess habitual dietary intake. During the test meal phase, subjects were served breakfast and lunch. During the ad libitum meal phase, subjects were fed an ad libitum dinner. During the test meal phase, blood was drawn every 30 minutes for 3 hours. During the ad libitum meal phase, hunger and fullness visual analogue scales were completed. For this analysis, subjects were grouped into the following habitual SSB categories: low SSB (≤1 SSB serv/day), medium SSB (>1 - <2 serv/day), and high SSB (≥2 serv/day). Fiber categories were created based on quartiles of intake. Mixed modeling was used to explore how SSB and fiber categories predicted ghrelin/PYY values and hunger/fullness ratings across time within and between test meals. The following a priori covariates included: sex, ethnicity, age, and obesity status. The low SSB group had higher fullness ratings over the ad libitum meal compared to the high SSB group (β =-0.49
Gyllenhammer, L E; Lam, J; Alderete, T L; Allayee, H; Akbari, O; Katkhouda, N; Goran, M I
Lower omental t-regulatory cell count is associated with higher fasting glucose and lower beta-cell function in adults with obesity Journal Article
In: Obesity, 24 (6), pp. 1274–1282, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: diabetes risk
@article{pmid27133873,
title = {Lower omental t-regulatory cell count is associated with higher fasting glucose and lower beta-cell function in adults with obesity},
author = {L E Gyllenhammer and J Lam and T L Alderete and H Allayee and O Akbari and N Katkhouda and M I Goran},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Obesity},
volume = {24},
number = {6},
pages = {1274--1282},
abstract = {T-lymphocytes are potential initiators and regulators of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, but there is limited human data on omental AT. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between T cells, particularly Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, in human subcutaneous (subQ) and omental AT and type 2 diabetes risk. SubQ and deep subQ (DsubQ) abdominal and omental AT biopsies were collected from 44 patients (body mass index, BMI ≥25) undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Flow cytometry was used to quantify CD4+ T cell (T effector and Treg) and macrophages (M1 and M2), and systemic inflammation was measured in fasting blood. Tregs were significantly lower in omental versus subQ and DsubQ AT, and M1 cell counts were significantly higher in the omental and DsubQ depot relative to the subQ. Only omental AT Tregs were negatively associated with fasting glucose and MCP-1 and positively associated with homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-β. M1 and M2 cell counts across multiple depots had significant relationships with HOMA-insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor-α, insulin, and HOMA-β. All relationships were consistent across ethnicities. Tregs were significantly lower in omental versus both subQ adipose depots. Fewer omental Tregs may have metabolic implications based on depot-specific relationships with higher fasting glucose and lower β-cell function.},
keywords = {diabetes risk},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
T-lymphocytes are potential initiators and regulators of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, but there is limited human data on omental AT. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between T cells, particularly Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, in human subcutaneous (subQ) and omental AT and type 2 diabetes risk. SubQ and deep subQ (DsubQ) abdominal and omental AT biopsies were collected from 44 patients (body mass index, BMI ≥25) undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Flow cytometry was used to quantify CD4+ T cell (T effector and Treg) and macrophages (M1 and M2), and systemic inflammation was measured in fasting blood. Tregs were significantly lower in omental versus subQ and DsubQ AT, and M1 cell counts were significantly higher in the omental and DsubQ depot relative to the subQ. Only omental AT Tregs were negatively associated with fasting glucose and MCP-1 and positively associated with homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-β. M1 and M2 cell counts across multiple depots had significant relationships with HOMA-insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor-α, insulin, and HOMA-β. All relationships were consistent across ethnicities. Tregs were significantly lower in omental versus both subQ adipose depots. Fewer omental Tregs may have metabolic implications based on depot-specific relationships with higher fasting glucose and lower β-cell function.
Gyllenhammer, L E; Alderete, T L; Toledo-Corral, C M; Weigensberg, M; Goran, M I
Saturation of subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and accumulation of ectopic fat associated with metabolic dysfunction during late and post-pubertal growth Journal Article
In: Int J Obes (Lond), 40 (4), pp. 601–606, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: diabetes risk, liver fat
@article{pmid26443340,
title = {Saturation of subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and accumulation of ectopic fat associated with metabolic dysfunction during late and post-pubertal growth},
author = {L E Gyllenhammer and T L Alderete and C M Toledo-Corral and M Weigensberg and M I Goran},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-00-01},
journal = {Int J Obes (Lond)},
volume = {40},
number = {4},
pages = {601--606},
abstract = {Puberty is a period defined by large changes in adipose tissue accumulation and distribution; however, longitudinal patterns of ectopic fat development have not been shown. We have previously shown significant declines in beta-cell function (BCF) across puberty and hypothesize that accumulation of ectopic fat deposition, particularly hepatic fat, will predict this fall. We conducted a longitudinal study and examined 2-year change in abdominal fat distribution and type 2 diabetes risk markers in 76 Hispanic children and young adults (16.1±0.5 years, 66% obese, 52% male, 51% post-pubertal). Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), hepatic fat fraction (HFF) and pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) were measured by 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging, and markers of type 2 diabetes risk were collected at fasting and during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Baseline pubertal status significantly moderated the 2-year change in ectopic fat deposition, such that VAT, HFF and PFF increased in individuals during late and post-pubertal growth, whereas children earlier in their pubertal development decreased ectopic accumulation and had less VAT accumulation (VAT: pTanner*time=0.044, 0.31±0.08 l vs 0.03±0.10 l; HFF: pTanner*time=0.007, 1.34±0.87% vs -2.61±1.11%; PFF: pTanner*time<0.001, 1.61±0.39% vs -0.96±0.50%). Independent of pubertal status, the 2-year increase in HFF and VAT significantly associated with a decline in BCF (ß=-1.04},
keywords = {diabetes risk, liver fat},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Puberty is a period defined by large changes in adipose tissue accumulation and distribution; however, longitudinal patterns of ectopic fat development have not been shown. We have previously shown significant declines in beta-cell function (BCF) across puberty and hypothesize that accumulation of ectopic fat deposition, particularly hepatic fat, will predict this fall. We conducted a longitudinal study and examined 2-year change in abdominal fat distribution and type 2 diabetes risk markers in 76 Hispanic children and young adults (16.1±0.5 years, 66% obese, 52% male, 51% post-pubertal). Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), hepatic fat fraction (HFF) and pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) were measured by 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging, and markers of type 2 diabetes risk were collected at fasting and during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Baseline pubertal status significantly moderated the 2-year change in ectopic fat deposition, such that VAT, HFF and PFF increased in individuals during late and post-pubertal growth, whereas children earlier in their pubertal development decreased ectopic accumulation and had less VAT accumulation (VAT: pTanner*time=0.044, 0.31±0.08 l vs 0.03±0.10 l; HFF: pTanner*time=0.007, 1.34±0.87% vs -2.61±1.11%; PFF: pTanner*time<0.001, 1.61±0.39% vs -0.96±0.50%). Independent of pubertal status, the 2-year increase in HFF and VAT significantly associated with a decline in BCF (ß=-1.04
2015
Kim, J Y; Goran, M I; Toledo-Corral, C M; Weigensberg, M J; Shaibi, G Q
Comparing glycemic indicators of prediabetes: a prospective study of obese Latino Youth Journal Article
In: Pediatr Diabetes, 16 (8), pp. 640–643, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: diabetes risk
@article{pmid25385555,
title = {Comparing glycemic indicators of prediabetes: a prospective study of obese Latino Youth},
author = {J Y Kim and M I Goran and C M Toledo-Corral and M J Weigensberg and G Q Shaibi},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-12-01},
journal = {Pediatr Diabetes},
volume = {16},
number = {8},
pages = {640--643},
abstract = {One hour (1-hr) glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is an emerging biomarker for type 2 diabetes. We compared the predictive power of 1-hr glucose to traditional glycemic markers for prospectively identifying prediabetes in youth. Obese normoglycemic Latino youth (N = 116) were assessed at baseline for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting, 1-hr, and 2-hr glucose during an OGTT and were followed for up to 8 yr for the development of prediabetes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used and a multivariable prediction model was developed. The area under the 1-hr glucose ROC curve was the most powerful predictor of prediabetes over time [0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64-0.83]. However, combining all indicators into a single model was superior to individual marker models (0.77, 95% CI = 0.690.86). These results further support the utility of 1-hr glucose during an OGTT as a prospective marker of diabetes risk in youth.},
keywords = {diabetes risk},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
One hour (1-hr) glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is an emerging biomarker for type 2 diabetes. We compared the predictive power of 1-hr glucose to traditional glycemic markers for prospectively identifying prediabetes in youth. Obese normoglycemic Latino youth (N = 116) were assessed at baseline for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting, 1-hr, and 2-hr glucose during an OGTT and were followed for up to 8 yr for the development of prediabetes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used and a multivariable prediction model was developed. The area under the 1-hr glucose ROC curve was the most powerful predictor of prediabetes over time [0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64-0.83]. However, combining all indicators into a single model was superior to individual marker models (0.77, 95% CI = 0.690.86). These results further support the utility of 1-hr glucose during an OGTT as a prospective marker of diabetes risk in youth.
Alderete, T L; Chloe, A; Brekke, B E; Knight, R; Bode, L; Goran, MI; Fields, D A
Associations between human milk oligosaccharides and infant body composition in the first 6 mo of life Journal Article
In: Am J Clin Nutr . , 102 (6), pp. 1381–1388, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: breastfeeding, HMO, sugar
@article{pmid26511224,
title = {Associations between human milk oligosaccharides and infant body composition in the first 6 mo of life},
author = {T L Alderete and A Chloe and B E Brekke and R Knight and L Bode and MI Goran and D A Fields},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-12-01},
journal = {Am J Clin Nutr . },
volume = {102},
number = {6},
pages = {1381--1388},
abstract = {Evidence linking breastfeeding to reduced risk of developing childhood obesity is inconclusive, yet previous studies have not considered variation in specific components of breast milk that may affect early development. We examined whether differences in the composition of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) correlate with infant growth and body composition at 1 and 6 mo of age. Twenty-five mother-infant dyads were recruited from the University Hospital at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Infants were breastfed for 6 mo. Breast-milk and infant measures were obtained at 1 and 6 mo of infant age. HMO composition was analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and infant growth (length and weight) and body composition (percentage fat, total fat, lean mass) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Relations between HMOs and infant growth and body composition were examined by using multiple linear regression. A priori covariates included maternal prepregnancy body mass index, pregnancy weight gain, and infant age and sex. Higher HMO diversity and evenness at 1 mo were associated with lower total and percentage fat mass at 1 mo. At 1 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP) I was associated with a 0.40-kg lower infant weight (P = 0.03). At 6 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in LNFPI was associated with a 1.11-kg lower weight (P = 0.03) and a 0.85-g lower lean mass (P = 0.01). At 6 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in LNFPI was associated with a 0.79-g lower fat mass (P = 0.02), whereas disialyl-lacto-N-tetraose and LNFPII were associated with a 1.92-g (P = 0.02) and 0.42-g (P = 0.02) greater fat mass, respectively. At 6 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in fucosyl-disialyl-lacto-N-hexaose and lacto-N-neotetraose was associated with 0.04% higher (P = 0.03) and 0.03% lower (P < 0.01) body fat, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that differences in HMO composition in mother's milk are associated with infant growth and body composition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02535637.},
keywords = {breastfeeding, HMO, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Evidence linking breastfeeding to reduced risk of developing childhood obesity is inconclusive, yet previous studies have not considered variation in specific components of breast milk that may affect early development. We examined whether differences in the composition of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) correlate with infant growth and body composition at 1 and 6 mo of age. Twenty-five mother-infant dyads were recruited from the University Hospital at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Infants were breastfed for 6 mo. Breast-milk and infant measures were obtained at 1 and 6 mo of infant age. HMO composition was analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and infant growth (length and weight) and body composition (percentage fat, total fat, lean mass) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Relations between HMOs and infant growth and body composition were examined by using multiple linear regression. A priori covariates included maternal prepregnancy body mass index, pregnancy weight gain, and infant age and sex. Higher HMO diversity and evenness at 1 mo were associated with lower total and percentage fat mass at 1 mo. At 1 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP) I was associated with a 0.40-kg lower infant weight (P = 0.03). At 6 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in LNFPI was associated with a 1.11-kg lower weight (P = 0.03) and a 0.85-g lower lean mass (P = 0.01). At 6 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in LNFPI was associated with a 0.79-g lower fat mass (P = 0.02), whereas disialyl-lacto-N-tetraose and LNFPII were associated with a 1.92-g (P = 0.02) and 0.42-g (P = 0.02) greater fat mass, respectively. At 6 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in fucosyl-disialyl-lacto-N-hexaose and lacto-N-neotetraose was associated with 0.04% higher (P = 0.03) and 0.03% lower (P < 0.01) body fat, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that differences in HMO composition in mother's milk are associated with infant growth and body composition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02535637.
O'Reilly, Gillian A; Belcher, Britni R; Davis, Jaimie N; Martinez, Lauren T; Huh, Jimi; Antunez-Castillo, Luz; Weigensberg, Marc; Goran, Michael I; Spruijt-Metz, Donna
Effects of high-sugar and high-fiber meals on physical activity behaviors in Latino and African American adolescents Journal Article
In: Obesity (Silver Spring), 23 (9), pp. 1886–1894, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: brain, fibre, sugar
@article{pmid26256555,
title = {Effects of high-sugar and high-fiber meals on physical activity behaviors in Latino and African American adolescents},
author = {Gillian A O'Reilly and Britni R Belcher and Jaimie N Davis and Lauren T Martinez and Jimi Huh and Luz Antunez-Castillo and Marc Weigensberg and Michael I Goran and Donna Spruijt-Metz},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-09-01},
journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},
volume = {23},
number = {9},
pages = {1886--1894},
abstract = {This crossover experimental study examined the acute effects of high-sugar/low-fiber (HSLF) vs. low-sugar/high-fiber (LSHF) meals on sedentary behavior (SB) and light-plus activity (L+) in minority adolescents with overweight and obesity. 87 Latino and African American adolescents (mean age = 16.3 ± 1.2 years, mean BMI z-score = 2.02 ± 0.52, 56.8% Latino, 51.1% male) underwent two experimental meal conditions during which they consumed HSLF or LSHF meals. Physical activity and SB were measured using accelerometers, and blood glucose and insulin were collected every 30 minutes over 5 hours. Mixed models were used to examine the temporal trends of SB and L+, whether the temporal trends of SB and L+ differed by meal condition, and the influence of blood glucose and insulin on the activity behaviors. SB and L+ fluctuated over time during the HSLF condition but were stable during the LSHF condition. SB and L+ were influenced by the blood glucose response to the HSLF meals. Insulin did not influence SB or L+ in either meal condition. Sugar and fiber content of meals can have differing acute impacts on activity behaviors in minority adolescents with overweight and obesity, possibly due to differing metabolic responses.},
keywords = {brain, fibre, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This crossover experimental study examined the acute effects of high-sugar/low-fiber (HSLF) vs. low-sugar/high-fiber (LSHF) meals on sedentary behavior (SB) and light-plus activity (L+) in minority adolescents with overweight and obesity. 87 Latino and African American adolescents (mean age = 16.3 ± 1.2 years, mean BMI z-score = 2.02 ± 0.52, 56.8% Latino, 51.1% male) underwent two experimental meal conditions during which they consumed HSLF or LSHF meals. Physical activity and SB were measured using accelerometers, and blood glucose and insulin were collected every 30 minutes over 5 hours. Mixed models were used to examine the temporal trends of SB and L+, whether the temporal trends of SB and L+ differed by meal condition, and the influence of blood glucose and insulin on the activity behaviors. SB and L+ fluctuated over time during the HSLF condition but were stable during the LSHF condition. SB and L+ were influenced by the blood glucose response to the HSLF meals. Insulin did not influence SB or L+ in either meal condition. Sugar and fiber content of meals can have differing acute impacts on activity behaviors in minority adolescents with overweight and obesity, possibly due to differing metabolic responses.
Kayser, B D; Toledo-Corral, C M; Alderete, T L; Weigensberg, M J; Goran, M I
Temporal relationships between adipocytokines and diabetes risk in Hispanic adolescents with obesity Journal Article
In: Obesity (Silver Spring), 23 (7), pp. 1479–1485, 2015.
@article{pmid26046253,
title = {Temporal relationships between adipocytokines and diabetes risk in Hispanic adolescents with obesity},
author = {B D Kayser and C M Toledo-Corral and T L Alderete and M J Weigensberg and M I Goran},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-07-01},
journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},
volume = {23},
number = {7},
pages = {1479--1485},
abstract = {Circulating cytokines are frequently cited as contributors to insulin resistance in children with obesity. This study examined whether circulating adipocytokines, independent of adiposity, predicted pubertal changes in insulin sensitivity (SI), insulin secretion (AIR), and β-cell function in high-risk adolescents. 158 Hispanic adolescents with overweight or obesity were followed for a median of 4 years. Adipocytokines were measured using Luminex technology. SI, AIR, and the disposition index were derived from an intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal modeling. Total fat mass was measured by DXA and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by MRI. Surprisingly, mean IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α decreased between 5% and 6.5% per year from baseline (P < 0.001). Despite the general temporal trends, gaining 1-SD of VAT was associated with a 2% and 5% increase in MCP-1 and IL-8 (P < 0.05). In addition, a 1-SD higher MCP-1 or IL-6 concentration at baseline was associated with a 16% and 21% greater decline in SI during puberty vs. prepuberty (P < 0.05). Several adipocytokines decreased during adolescence and were weakly associated with VAT and lower SI during puberty. Circulating adipocytokines have relatively limited associations with pubertal changes in diabetes risk; however, the consistent findings with MCP-1 warrant further investigation.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Circulating cytokines are frequently cited as contributors to insulin resistance in children with obesity. This study examined whether circulating adipocytokines, independent of adiposity, predicted pubertal changes in insulin sensitivity (SI), insulin secretion (AIR), and β-cell function in high-risk adolescents. 158 Hispanic adolescents with overweight or obesity were followed for a median of 4 years. Adipocytokines were measured using Luminex technology. SI, AIR, and the disposition index were derived from an intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal modeling. Total fat mass was measured by DXA and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by MRI. Surprisingly, mean IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α decreased between 5% and 6.5% per year from baseline (P < 0.001). Despite the general temporal trends, gaining 1-SD of VAT was associated with a 2% and 5% increase in MCP-1 and IL-8 (P < 0.05). In addition, a 1-SD higher MCP-1 or IL-6 concentration at baseline was associated with a 16% and 21% greater decline in SI during puberty vs. prepuberty (P < 0.05). Several adipocytokines decreased during adolescence and were weakly associated with VAT and lower SI during puberty. Circulating adipocytokines have relatively limited associations with pubertal changes in diabetes risk; however, the consistent findings with MCP-1 warrant further investigation.
Walker, R W; Goran, M I
Laboratory Đetermined Sugar Content and Composition of Commercial Infant Formulas, Baby Foods and Common Grocery Items Ŧargeted to Children Journal Article
In: Nutrients, 7 (7), pp. 5850–5867, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: sugar
@article{pmid26193309,
title = {Laboratory Đetermined Sugar Content and Composition of Commercial Infant Formulas, Baby Foods and Common Grocery Items Ŧargeted to Children},
author = {R W Walker and M I Goran},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-07-01},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {7},
number = {7},
pages = {5850--5867},
abstract = {Excess added sugar consumption is tied to poor health outcomes in children. The sugar content of beverages and foods children are exposed to is mostly unknown, yet this information is imperative for understanding potential risks from overconsumption of sugars in early life. We determined actual sugar content by conducting a blinded laboratory analysis in infant formulas, breakfast cereals, packaged baked goods and yogurts. One hundred samples were sent to an independent laboratory for analysis via gas chromatography. Sugar content and composition was determined and total sugar was compared against nutrition labels. Of the 100 samples analyzed, 74% contained ≥20% of total calories per serving from added sugars. Nutrient label data underestimated or overestimated actual sugars and ~25% of all samples had actual total sugar values that were either <10% or >10% of labeled total sugar. Many products that are frequently marketed to and consumed by infants and young children contain sugars in amounts that differ from nutrition labels and often in excess of recommended daily levels. These findings provide further support for adding more comprehensive sugar labeling to food and beverage products, specifically those marketed to, or commonly consumed by, children.},
keywords = {sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Excess added sugar consumption is tied to poor health outcomes in children. The sugar content of beverages and foods children are exposed to is mostly unknown, yet this information is imperative for understanding potential risks from overconsumption of sugars in early life. We determined actual sugar content by conducting a blinded laboratory analysis in infant formulas, breakfast cereals, packaged baked goods and yogurts. One hundred samples were sent to an independent laboratory for analysis via gas chromatography. Sugar content and composition was determined and total sugar was compared against nutrition labels. Of the 100 samples analyzed, 74% contained ≥20% of total calories per serving from added sugars. Nutrient label data underestimated or overestimated actual sugars and ~25% of all samples had actual total sugar values that were either <10% or >10% of labeled total sugar. Many products that are frequently marketed to and consumed by infants and young children contain sugars in amounts that differ from nutrition labels and often in excess of recommended daily levels. These findings provide further support for adding more comprehensive sugar labeling to food and beverage products, specifically those marketed to, or commonly consumed by, children.
