@article{JF2020b,
title = {Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Hispanic Infant Weight Gain in the First 6 Months},
author = {Plows JF and Berger PK and Jones RB and Yonemitsu C and Ryoo JH and Alderete TL and Bode L and Goran MI
},
doi = {10.1002/oby.22884},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-22},
journal = {Pediatric Obesity},
abstract = {
Abstract
Objective

The aim of this study was to determine whether human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) at 1 month predicted infant weight gain at 6 months and whether associations varied by HMO secretor status.
Methods

Participants were 157 Hispanic mother‐infant pairs. Human milk samples were collected at 1 month. Nineteen individual HMOs were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography, and secretor status was determined by the presence of 2′‐fucosyllactose or lacto‐N‐fucopentaose (LNFP) I. Infant weight was measured at 1 and 6 months. Path analysis was used to test effects of HMO composition on infant weight gain, adjusting for maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, and infant age, sex, and birth weight.
Results

In the total sample, higher LNFPII predicted lower infant weight gain (g 1 =  −4.1, P  = 0.004); this was observed in both nonsecretor (g 1 =  −3.0, P  = 0.006) and secretor groups (g 1 =  −4.7, P  = 0.014). In the nonsecretor group, higher lacto‐N‐neotetraose (g 1 =  7.6, P  = 0.011) and disialyllacto‐N‐tetraose (g1 =  14.3, P  = 0.002) predicted higher infant weight gain. There were no other associations in the secretor group.
Conclusions

Our data suggest that higher LNFPII in human milk may decrease obesity risk across all infants, whereas higher lacto‐N‐neotetraose and disialyllacto‐N‐tetraose may increase obesity risk in infants of nonsecretors only.
},
keywords = {HMO},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{JF2020,
title = {Associations between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and eating behavior in Hispanic infants at 1 and 6 months of age},
author = {Plows JF and Berger PK and Jones RB and Yonemitsu C and Ryoo JH and Alderete TL and Bode L and Goran MI},
doi = {10.1111/ijpo.12686},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-03},
journal = {Pediatric Obesity},
abstract = {Summary
Background
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are naturally occurring glycans in human breast milk that act as prebiotics in the infant gut. Prebiotics have been demonstrated to suppress appetite in both adults and children. Therefore, HMOs may affect infant eating behaviour.

Objective
To determine if HMOs in breast milk are associated with eating behaviour in Hispanic infants.

Methods
Cross‐sectional analysis of a prospective cohort of Hispanic mother‐infant dyads (1‐month, n = 157; 6‐months, n = 69). Breast milk samples were screened for 19 HMOs using high pressure liquid chromatography, and eating behaviour was assessed using the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (BEBQ). We conducted multiple linear regressions to examine associations between HMOs and BEBQ scores, adjusted for maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI, infant sex, birthweight, delivery mode and number of breastfeedings per day. We stratified by HMO secretor status—a genetic determinant of the types of HMOs produced.

Results
At 1 month, LNnT (lacto‐N‐neotetraose; P = .04) was negatively associated with food responsiveness in the total sample, while DFLNT (difucosyllacto‐N‐tetrose; P = .03) and DSLNT (disialyl‐LNT; P = .04) were negatively associated with food responsiveness in secretors only. At 6 months, LSTc (sialyllacto‐N‐tetraose c; P = .01), FLNH (fucosyllacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .03), LNH (lacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .006) and DSLNH (disialyllacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .05) were positively associated with food responsiveness in both the total sample and secretors only.

Conclusions
We found several HMOs that were both positively and negatively associated with infant food responsiveness, which is a measure of drive to eat.},
keywords = {HMO},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{TL2020,
title = {Added sugar and sugar sweetened beverages are associated with increased postpartum weight gain while soluble fiber intake is protective in Hispanic women from Southern California},
author = {Alderete TL and Mierau SM and Bailey MC and Wild LE and Patterson WB and Berger PK and Jones RB and Plows JF and Goran MI },
doi = {/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa156},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-06-29},
journal = {Am J Clinical Nutrition},
abstract = {Background
Obesity prevalence remains high in the United States, and there is an increased risk among women who do not lose their gestational weight gain during the postpartum period. Indicators of dietary carbohydrate quality including added sugar consumption, glycemic load, and glycemic index have been linked with weight gain, whereas fiber may protect against obesity. However, these dietary factors have not been examined during the postpartum period.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary sugars and fiber intake were associated with changes in postpartum weight.

Methods
We examined Hispanic women from the longitudinal Southern California Mother's Milk Study (n = 99) at 1 and 6 mo postpartum. Maternal assessments included height, weight, and dietary intake based on 24-h diet recalls. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the relation between maternal diet and change in postpartum weight after adjusting for maternal age, height, and energy intake.

Results
Higher intake of added sugar was associated with postpartum weight gain (β: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.10; P = 0.05). In addition, a half 8-ounce (8 fluid ounces = 236.6 mL) serving per day increase in soft drinks was associated with a 1.52-kg increase in weight (95% CI: 0.70, 2.34 kg; P < 0.001). A high glycemic index (β: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.42; P = 0.006) and glycemic load (β: 0.04; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.08; P = 0.04) were associated with postpartum weight gain. Higher soluble fiber was associated with a decrease in postpartum weight (β: −0.82 kg; 95% CI: −1.35, −0.29 kg; P = 0.003) and the negative effects of added sugar, sugary beverages, and high-glycemic-index and -load diets were partially attenuated after adjusting for soluble fiber intake.

Conclusions
Increased consumption of added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and high-glycemic diets were associated with greater weight gain in the first 6 mo postpartum. In addition, increased consumption of soluble fiber was associated with postpartum weight loss, which may partially offset the obesogenic effects of some dietary sugars.},
keywords = {sweeteners},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{W2020,
title = {Urate and nonanoate mark the relationship between sugar-sweetened beverage intake and blood pressure in adolescent girls: A metabolomics analysis in the ELEMENT Cohort Metabolites},
author = {W Perng and L Tang and P Song and MI Goran and MM Tellez-Rojo and A Cantoral and K Peterson},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-06-28},
keywords = {sugar},
pubstate = {forthcoming},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Berger2020,
title = {Human milk oligosaccharides and Hispanic infant weight gain in the first 6 months Obesity},
author = {Berger P and Plows JF and Jones RB and Alderete TL and Yonemitsu C and Ryoo JH and Bode L and Goran MI},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-06-27},
keywords = {breastfeeding},
pubstate = {forthcoming},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid32447156,
title = {Interstitial glucose and subsequent affective and physical feeling states: A pilot study combining continuous glucose monitoring and ecological momentary assessment in adolescents},
author = {J Zink and M Nicolo and K Imm and S Ebrahimian and Q Yu and K Lee and K Zapanta and J Huh and G F Dunton and M I Goran and K A Page and C M Dieli-Conwright and B R Belcher},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110141},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-05-01},
journal = {J Psychosom Res},
volume = {135},
pages = {110141},
abstract = {Circulating glucose may relate to affective and physical feeling states reflective of emotional disorder symptoms. No prior studies have investigated within-day associations between glucose and subsequent affective and physical feeling states (positive affect, negative affect, and fatigue) as they occur naturally among healthy adolescents; this pilot study assessed these associations by combining data collected from ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and continuous glucose monitors (CGM). Participants (N = 15, mean age = 13.1[±1.0] years, 66.7% female, 40.0% Hispanic, 66.7% healthy weight) wore a CGM for 7-14 days. Simultaneously, participants reported on their current positive affect, negative affect, and fatigue randomly during specified windows up to 7 times daily via EMA. CGM-measured mean interstitial glucose was calculated during the time windows (mean minutes = 122.5[±47.3]) leading up to each EMA prompt. Multilevel models assessed within-subject (WS) associations between mean interstitial glucose since the previous EMA prompt and EMA-reported affective and physical feeling states at the current prompt. Participants provided 532 interstitial glucose-matched EMA reports of affective and physical feeling states. During intervals when interstitial glucose was higher than one's usual, higher positive affect (WS β = 0.01, p < .0001},
keywords = {glucose},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid32188978,
title = {Investigating bifidobacteria and human milk oligosaccharide composition of lactating mothers},
author = {G A Lugli and S Duranti and C Milani and L Mancabelli and F Turroni and G Alessandri and G Longhi and R Anzalone and A Viappinai and C Tarrachini and S Bernasconi and C Yonemitsu and L Bode and M I Goran and M C Ossiprandi and D van Sinderen and M Ventura},
doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiaa049},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-03-01},
journal = {FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.},
abstract = {Human milk is known to carry its own microbiota, of which the precise origin remains obscure. Breast-feeding allows mother-to-baby transmission of microorganisms as well as transfer of many other milk components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which act as metabolizable substrates for particular bacteria, such as bifidobacteria, residing in infant intestinal tract. In the current study, we report HMO composition of 249 human milk samples, in 163 of which we quantified the abundance of members of the Bifidobacterium genus using a combination of metagenomic and flow cytometric approaches. Metagenomic data allowed us to identify four clusters dominated by Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Bifidobacterium crudilactis, or Bifidobacterium dentium, as well as a cluster represented by a heterogeneous mix of bifidobacterial species such as Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum. Furthermore, in vitro growth assays on HMOs coupled with in silico glycobiome analyses allowed us to elucidate that members of the Bifidobacterium bifidum and B. breve species exhibit the highest ability to degrade and grow on HMOs. Altogether these findings indicate that the bifidobacterial component of the human milk microbiota is not strictly correlated to their ability to metabolize HMOs.},
keywords = {bifidobacteria},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid32049968,
title = {Human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose links feedings at 1 month to cognitive development at 24 months in infants of normal and overweight mothers},
author = {P K Berger and J F Plows and R B Jones and T L Alderete and C Yonemitsu and M Poulsen and J H Ryoo and B S Peterson and L Bode and M I Goran},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {e0228323},
abstract = {Infant cognitive development is influenced by maternal factors that range from obesity to early feeding and breast milk composition. Animal studies suggest a role for human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), on learning and memory, yet no human studies have examined its impact on infant cognitive development relative to other HMOs and maternal factors.\\ To determine the impact of 2'FL from breast milk feeding on infant cognitive development at 24 months of age relative to maternal obesity and breast milk feeding frequency.\\ Hispanic mother-infant pairs (N = 50) were recruited across the spectrum of pre-pregnancy BMI. Breast milk was collected at 1 and 6 months, and feedings/day were reported. Nineteen HMOs were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, with initial interest in 2'FL. Infant cognitive development score was assessed with the Bayley-III Scale at 24 months. Linear regressions were used for prediction, and bootstrapping to determine mediation by 2'FL.\\ Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was not related to feedings/day or HMOs, but predicted poorer infant cognitive development (β = -0.31, P = 0.03). Feedings/day (β = 0.34) and 2'FL (β = 0.59) at 1 month predicted better infant cognitive development (both P≤ 0.01). The association of feedings/day with infant cognitive development was no longer significant after further adjustment for 2'FL (estimated mediation effect = 0.13, P = 0.04). There were no associations of feedings/day and 2'FL at 6 months with infant cognitive development.\\ Our findings suggest that maternal factors influence infant cognitive development through multiple means. Though maternal obesity may be a separate negative influence, greater frequency of breast milk feeding at 1 month contributed to infant cognitive development through greater exposure to 2'FL relative to other HMOs. The influence of 2'FL was not significant at 6 months, indicating that early exposure to 2'FL may be a critical temporal window for positively influencing infant cognitive development.},
keywords = {HMO},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid30991877,
title = {High intake of dietary fructose in overweight/obese teenagers associated with depletion of Eubacterium and Streptococcus in gut microbiome},
author = {R B Jones and T L Alderete and J S Kim and J Millstein and F D Gilliland and M I Goran},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Gut Microbes},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {712--719},
abstract = {Background: A western high fat, high carbohydrate diet has been shown to be associated with decreased gut bacterial diversity and reductions in beneficial bacteria. This gut bacteria dysbiosis could develop in early life and contribute to chronic disease risk such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Objective: To determine how dietary macronutrients are associated with the relative abundance of gut bacteria in healthy adolescents.Methods: Fifty-two obese participants (12-19 years) from two studies, many who were primarily of Hispanic background, provided fecal samples for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Dietary macronutrients were assessed using 24-hour diet recalls and body composition was assessed using DEXA. General regression models assuming a negative binomial distribution were used to examine the associations between gut bacteria and dietary fiber, saturated fat, unsaturated fats, protein, added sugar, total sugar and free fructose after adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, body fat percentage, study and caloric intake.Results: The genera Eubacterium (Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) corrected p-value = 0.10) and Streptococcus (BH corrected p-value = 0.04) were inversely associated with dietary fructose intake. There were no other significant associations between abundances of gut microbes and other dietary macronutrients, including fiber, fat, protein, total sugar or added sugar.Conclusions: High dietary fructose was associated with lower abundance of the beneficial microbes Eubacterium and Streptococcus, which are involved with carbohydrate metabolism.},
keywords = {microbiome, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid30501650,
title = {Effects of consuming sugars and alternative sweeteners during pregnancy on maternal and child health: evidence for a secondhand sugar effect},
author = {M I Goran and J F Plows and E E Ventura},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Proc Nutr Soc},
volume = {78},
number = {3},
pages = {262--271},
abstract = {Consumption of sugar and alternative low- or no-energy sweeteners has increased in recent decades. However, it is still uncertain how consumption of sugar and alternative sweeteners during pregnancy affects pregnancy outcomes and long-term offspring health. This review aims to collate the available evidence surrounding the consequences of sugar and alternative sweetener consumption during pregnancy, a so-called secondhand sugar effect. We found evidence that sugar consumption during pregnancy may contribute to increased gestational weight gain and the development of pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and preterm birth. Further, we found a growing body of the animal and human evidence that maternal sugar intake during pregnancy may impact neonatal and childhood metabolism, taste perception and obesity risk. Emerging evidence also suggests that both maternal and paternal preconception sugar intakes are linked to offspring metabolic outcomes, perhaps via epigenetic alterations to the germline. While there have been fewer studies of the impacts of alternative sweetener consumption before and during pregnancy, there is some evidence to suggest effects on infant outcomes including preterm birth risk, increased infant body composition and offspring preference for sweet foods, although mechanisms are unclear. We conclude that preconception and gestational sugar and alternative sweetener consumption may negatively impact pregnancy outcomes and offspring health and that there is a need for further observational, mechanistic and intervention research in this area.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid30734524,
title = {Association of breastfeeding and gestational diabetes mellitus with the prevalence of prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome in offspring of Hispanic mothers},
author = {S Vandyousefi and M I Goran and E P Gunderson and E Khazaee and M J Landry and R Ghaddar and F M Asigbee and J N Davis},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {e12515},
abstract = {The effects of breastfeeding (BF) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes mellitus in children exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in utero have rarely been evaluated. This study assessed BF and GDM in relation to the prevalence of prediabetes and MetS in Hispanic children and adolescents (8-19 y). This is a longitudinal study with 229 Hispanic children (8-13 y) with overweight/obesity, family history of diabetes, and an average of four annual visits (AV). Participants were categorized as follows: never (negative for prediabetes/MetS at all AVs), ever (positive for prediabetes/MetS at any visit), intermittent (positive for prediabetes/MetS at 1-2 AVs), and persistent (positive for prediabetes/MetS at greater than or equal to 3 AVs). Compared with GDM offspring who were not BF (referent), GDM offspring who were BF had lower odds of persistent prediabetes (OR = 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04-0.82; P = 0.02) and MetS (OR = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.02-0.55; P = 0.008). Compared with referent group, non-GDM offspring who were BF, and non-GDM offspring not BF had lower odds of persistent prediabetes (OR = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03-0.39; P = 0.001; OR = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.11; P < 0.001) and MetS (OR = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04-0.59; P = 0.01 and OR = 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01-0.11; P < 0.001). These results show BF is protective against prediabetes and MetS in offspring regardless of GDM status.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid30844580,
title = {Perfluoroalkyl substances, metabolomic profiling, and alterations in glucose homeostasis among overweight and obese Hispanic children: A proof-of-concept analysis},
author = {Alderete TL and Jin R and Walker DI and Valvi D and Chen Z and Jones DP and Peng C and Gilliland FD and Berhane K and Conti DV and Goran MI and Chatzi L
},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Environ Int},
volume = {126},
pages = {445--453},
abstract = {To examine the prospective associations between exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and longitudinal measurements of glucose metabolism in high-risk overweight and obese Hispanic children. Forty overweight and obese Hispanic children (8-14 years) from urban Los Angeles underwent clinical measures and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) at baseline and a follow-up visit (range: 1-3 years after enrollment). Baseline plasma perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and the plasma metabolome were measured by liquid-chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association between baseline PFASs and changes in glucose homeostasis over follow-up. A metabolome-wide association study coupled with pathway enrichment analysis was performed to evaluate metabolic dysregulation associated with plasma PFASs concentrations. We performed a structural integrated analysis aiming to characterize the joint impact of all factors and to identify latent clusters of children with alterations in glucose homeostasis, based on their exposure and metabolomics profile. Each ln (ng/ml) increase in PFOA and PFHxS concentrations was associated with a 30.6 mg/dL (95% CI: 8.8-52.4) and 10.2 mg/dL (95% CI: 2.7-17.7) increase in 2-hour glucose levels, respectively. A ln (ng/ml) increase in PFHxS concentrations was also associated with 17.8 mg/dL increase in the glucose area under the curve (95% CI: 1.5-34.1). Pathway enrichment analysis showed significant alterations of lipids (e.g., glycosphingolipids, linoleic acid, and de novo lipogenesis), and amino acids (e.g., aspartate and asparagine, tyrosine, arginine and proline) in association to PFASs exposure. The integrated analysis identified a cluster of children with increased 2-h glucose levels over follow up, characterized by increased PFAS levels and altered metabolite patterns. This proof-of-concept analysis shows that higher PFAS exposure was associated with dysregulation of several lipid and amino acid pathways and longitudinal alterations in glucose homeostasis in Hispanic youth. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings and fully elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms.},
keywords = {environmental pollution},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid30931427,
title = {Trends in Low-Calorie Sweetener Consumption Among Pregnant Women in the United States},
author = {A C Sylvetsky and J Figueroa and K I Rother and M I Goran and J A Welsh},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Curr Dev Nutr},
volume = {3},
number = {4},
pages = {nzz004},
abstract = {Minimizing consumption of added sugars is recommended to prevent excessive weight gain among pregnant women. A common approach to lowering sugar intake is the use of low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs), yet little is known about LCS use during pregnancy or its effects on infant weight and health. The aim of the study was to investigate temporal trends in LCS consumption by source (foods, beverages, or packets) among pregnant women in the United States from 1999 to 2014 and to compare recent LCS consumption patterns across sociodemographic subgroups and product categories. Data were collected from pregnant women aged 20-39 y (n = 1,265) who participated in the NHANES from 1999-2000 through 2013-2014. Prevalence of LCS consumption was assessed using two 24-h dietary recalls. Analytical procedures for complex survey design were used, and sampling weights were applied to estimate national prevalence of LCS use. Rao-Scott modified chi-square tests were used to compare consumption prevalence across sociodemographic subgroups, and logistic regression was used to examine trends in LCS use over time. The prevalence of LCS consumption among pregnant women increased by approximately 50% rising from 16.2% in 1999-2004 to 24.0% in 2007-2014},
keywords = {sweeteners},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid31297972,
title = {Maternal blood pressure mediates the association between maternal obesity and infant weight gain in early postpartum},
author = {P K Berger and J F Plows and R B Jones and N K Pollock and T L Alderete and J H Ryoo and M I Goran},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {14},
number = {11},
pages = {e12560},
abstract = {It is unknown to what extent higher maternal blood pressure (BP) in early postpartum impacts the relationship between higher maternal weight status and greater infant weight gain in early postpartum. To evaluate the mediating role of higher maternal BP at 1 month postpartum on the association between higher maternal weight status at 1 month postpartum and greater infant weight gain over 6 months postpartum. Participants were 169 Hispanic mother-infant pairs. Maternal body mass index (BMI) and BP were assessed at 1 month postpartum. Infant weight was measured at 1 and 6 months postpartum to calculate weight-for-age z scores (WAZ). Multiple linear regression models were used for prediction, and Sobel test was used to determine mediation. Controlling for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, age, delivery mode, infant sex, and infant birth weight revealed that both maternal BMI (β = .29) and BP (β = .32) predicted infant WAZ gain (both P ≤ .03). However, the relationship between infant WAZ gain and maternal BMI was no longer significant after further adjustment for maternal BP, which remained significant (P < .05). Maternal BP explained 23.6% (Sobel T = 2.01) of the association between maternal BMI at 1 month and infant WAZ gain over 6 months. Our data suggest that higher maternal weight status at 1 month postpartum is related to greater infant weight gain over 6 months postpartum, and this relationship is mediated by higher maternal BP at 1 month postpartum.},
keywords = {microbiome, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid29761610,
title = {Pathways and mechanisms linking dietary components to cardiometabolic disease: thinking beyond calories},
author = {K L Stanhope and M I Goran and A Bosy-Westphal and J C King and L A Schmidt and J M Schwarz and E Stice and A C Sylvetsky and P J Turnbaugh and G A Bray and C D Gardner and P J Havel and V Malik and A E Mason and E Ravussin and M Rosenbaum and J A Welsh and C Allister-Price and D M Sigala and M R C Greenwood and A Astrup and R M Krauss},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-01},
journal = {Obes Rev. },
volume = {19},
number = {9},
pages = {1205--1235},
abstract = {Calories from any food have the potential to increase risk for obesity and cardiometabolic disease because all calories can directly contribute to positive energy balance and fat gain. However, various dietary components or patterns may promote obesity and cardiometabolic disease by additional mechanisms that are not mediated solely by caloric content. Researchers explored this topic at the 2017 CrossFit Foundation Academic Conference 'Diet and Cardiometabolic Health - Beyond Calories', and this paper summarizes the presentations and follow-up discussions. Regarding the health effects of dietary fat, sugar and non-nutritive sweeteners, it is concluded that food-specific saturated fatty acids and sugar-sweetened beverages promote cardiometabolic diseases by mechanisms that are additional to their contribution of calories to positive energy balance and that aspartame does not promote weight gain. The challenges involved in conducting and interpreting clinical nutritional research, which preclude more extensive conclusions, are detailed. Emerging research is presented exploring the possibility that responses to certain dietary components/patterns are influenced by the metabolic status, developmental period or genotype of the individual; by the responsiveness of brain regions associated with reward to food cues; or by the microbiome. More research regarding these potential 'beyond calories' mechanisms may lead to new strategies for attenuating the obesity crisis.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid29795005,
title = {High-Fructose Corn-Syrup-Sweetened Beverage Intake Increases 5-Ħour Breast Milk Fructose Concentrations in Lactating Women},
author = {P K Berger and D A Fields and E W Demerath and H Fujiwara and M I Goran},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-05-01},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
abstract = {This study determined the effects of consuming a high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened beverage on breast milk fructose, glucose, and lactose concentrations in lactating women. At six weeks postpartum, lactating mothers (n = 41) were randomized to a crossover study to consume a commercially available HFCS-sweetened beverage or artificially sweetened control beverage. At each session, mothers pumped a complete breast milk expression every hour for six consecutive hours. The baseline fasting concentrations of breast milk fructose, glucose, and lactose were 5.0 ± 1.3 µg/mL, 0.6 ± 0.3 mg/mL, and 6.8 ± 1.6 g/dL, respectively. The changes over time in breast milk sugars were significant only for fructose (treatment × time, p < 0.01). Post hoc comparisons showed the HFCS-sweetened beverage vs. control beverage increased breast milk fructose at 120 min (8.8 ± 2.1 vs. 5.3 ± 1.9 µg/mL), 180 min (9.4 ± 1.9 vs. 5.2 ± 2.2 µg/mL), 240 min (7.8 ± 1.7 vs. 5.1 ± 1.9 µg/mL), and 300 min (6.9 ± 1.4 vs. 4.9 ± 1.9 µg/mL) (all p < 0.05). The mean incremental area under the curve for breast milk fructose was also different between treatments (14.7 ± 1.2 vs. -2.60 ± 1.2 µg/mL × 360 min, p < 0.01). There was no treatment × time interaction for breast milk glucose or lactose. Our data suggest that the consumption of an HFCS-sweetened beverage increased breast milk fructose concentrations, which remained elevated up to five hours post-consumption.},
keywords = {breastfeeding, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid27923100,
title = {Effects of air pollution exposure on glucose metabolism in Los Angeles minority children},
author = {C M Toledo-Corral and T L Alderete and R Habre and K Berhane and F W Lurmann and M J Weigensberg and M I Goran and F D Gilliland},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {54--62},
abstract = {Growing evidence indicates that ambient (AAP: NO2 , PM2.5 and O3 ) and traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) contribute to metabolic disease risk in adults; however, few studies have examined these relationships in children. Metabolic profiling was performed in 429 overweight and obese African-American and Latino youth living in urban Los Angeles, California. This cross-sectional study estimated individual residential air pollution exposure and used linear regression to examine relationships between air pollution and metabolic outcomes. AAP and TRAP exposure were associated with adverse effects on glucose metabolism independent of body fat percent. PM2.5 was associated with 25.0% higher fasting insulin (p < 0.001), 8.3% lower insulin sensitivity (p < 0.001), 14.7% higher acute insulin response to glucose (p = 0.001) and 1.7% higher fasting glucose (p < 0.001). Similar associations were observed for increased NO2 exposure. TRAP from non-freeway roads was associated with 12.1% higher insulin (p < 0.001), 6.9% lower insulin sensitivity (p = 0.02), 10.8% higher acute insulin response to glucose (p = 0.003) and 0.7% higher fasting glucose (p = 0.047). Elevated air pollution exposure was associated with a metabolic profile that is characteristic of increased risk for type 2 diabetes. These results indicate that increased prior year exposure to air pollution may adversely affect type 2 diabetes-related pathophysiology in overweight and obese minority children.},
keywords = {environmental pollution},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid28271345,
title = {The Influence of Parental Education on Đietary Intake in Latino Youth},
author = {R E Hasson and Y J Hsu and J N Davis and M I Goran and D Spruijt-Metz},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {J Immigr Minor Health},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {250--254},
abstract = {Acculturation to the US culture is associated with suboptimal dietary choices in Latino youth. The role of parental education in shaping children's nutrition is less clear. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between parental education, acculturation and dietary intake in 96 Latino youth ages 8-18 years. Parental education was assessed using a seven-category variable. Acculturation was assessed using the Acculturation, Habits, and Interests Multicultural Scale for Adolescents questionnaire. Dietary intake was assessed via 24-h dietary recalls using the multiple pass technique. Parental education was associated with lower fat intake (β = -0.115},
keywords = {pediatric obesity},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid28921869,
title = {Simplified and age-appropriate recommendations for added sugars in children},
author = {M I Goran and S L Riemer and T L Alderete},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {269--272},
abstract = {Excess sugar intake increases risk for obesity and related comorbidities among children. The World Health Organization (WHO), American Heart Association (AHA) and the 2015 USDA dietary recommendations have proposed guidelines for added sugar intake to reduce risk for disease. WHO and USDA recommendations are presented as a percentage of daily calories from added sugar. This approach is not easily understood or translated to children, where energy needs increase with age. The AHA recommendation is based on a fixed value of 25 g of added sugar for all children 2-19 years of age. This approach does not take into account the different levels of intake across this wide age range. Due to these limitations, we adapted current recommendations for added sugars based on daily energy needs of children 2-19 years. We used those values to derive simple regression equations to predict grams or teaspoons of added sugars per day based on age that would be equivalent to 10% of daily energy needs. This proposed approach aligns with the changing nutritional needs of children and adolescents during growth.},
keywords = {sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid29220800,
title = {Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and the composition of the gut microbiota in overweight and obese adolescents},
author = {TL Alderete and RB Jones and Z Chen and JS Kim and R Habre and F Lurmann and FD Gilliland and MI Goran},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Environ. Res.},
volume = {161},
pages = {472--478},
abstract = {Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) exposure has been linked to type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction in humans. Animal studies suggest that air pollutants may alter the composition of the gut microbiota, which may negatively impact metabolic health through changes in the composition and/or function of the gut microbiome. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether elevated TRAP exposure was correlated with gut bacterial taxa in overweight and obese adolescents from the Meta-AIR (Metabolic and Asthma Incidence Research) study. The secondary aim was to examine whether gut microbial taxa correlated with TRAP were also correlated with risk factors for type 2 diabetes (e.g., fasting glucose levels). We additionally explored whether correlations between TRAP and these metabolic risk factors could be explained by the relative abundance of these taxa. Participants (17-19 years; n=43) were enrolled between 2014 and 2016 from Southern California. The CALINE4 line dispersion model was used to model prior year residential concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) as a marker of traffic emissions. The relative abundance of fecal microbiota was characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing and spearman partial correlations were examined after adjusting for body fat percent. Freeway TRAP was correlated with decreased Bacteroidaceae (r=-0.48; p=0.001) and increased Coriobacteriaceae (r=0.48; p<0.001). These same taxa were correlated with fasting glucose levels, including Bacteroidaceae (r=-0.34; p=0.04) and Coriobacteriaceae (r=0.41; p<0.01). Further, freeway TRAP was positively correlated fasting glucose (r=0.45; p=0.004) and Bacteroidaceae and Coriobacteriaceae explained 24% and 29% of the correlation between TRAP and fasting glucose levels. Increased TRAP exposure was correlated with gut microbial taxa and fasting glucose levels. Gut microbial taxa that were correlated with TRAP partially explained the correlation between TRAP and fasting glucose levels. These results suggest that exposure to air pollutants may negatively impact metabolic health via alterations in the gut microbiota.},
keywords = {environmental pollution, microbiota, traffic-related pollution},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid29493105,
title = {Probiotic supplementation increases obesity with no detectable effects on liver fat or gut microbiota in obese Hispanic adolescents: a 16-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial},
author = {R B Jones and T L Alderete and A A Martin and B A Geary and D H Hwang and S L Palmer and M I Goran},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {13},
number = {11},
pages = {705--714},
abstract = {Numerous studies have shown that there are links between obesity, liver fat and the gut microbiome. However, there are mixed results on whether probiotics could impact the gut microbiome and/or help to decrease liver fat and obesity outcomes. This study aimed to determine whether a probiotic supplement (VSL#3® ) intervention altered gut microbiota and/or gut hormones associated with appetite regulation. The secondary aim of this study was to determine whether VSL#3® altered body composition and liver fat and fibrosis. We conducted a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial in 19 obese Latino adolescents. The intervention consisted of three packets per day of VSL#3® or a matched placebo for 16 weeks. Pre-intervention and post-intervention measures included gut microbial abundance, gut appetite regulating hormones, anthropometrics, body composition, liver fat and liver fibrosis. We conducted linear models to determine whether there were any significant differences in the changes in these outcomes following VSL#3® intervention. Compared with placebo, adolescents that received VSL#3 had significant increases in total adiposity (%) (+1.7 ± 0.6 vs. -1.3 ± 0.5, p < 0.01) and trunk adiposity (%) (+3.3 ± 0.8 vs. -1.8 ± 0.8, p < 0.01) with no significant effects on liver fat/fibrosis, insulin/glucose, gut microbial abundances or gut hormones. VSL#3 supplementation may lead to increased adiposity in obese Latino adolescents with no significant detectable changes in gut microbiota, gut appetite-regulating hormones, liver fat and fibrosis and dietary intake. However, it is important to note that recruitment efforts were terminated early and the sample size fell short of what was planned for this trial.},
keywords = {liver fat, microbiome},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid29896938,
title = {Consumption of artificial sweetened beverages associated with adiposity and increasing ĦbA1c in Hispanic youth},
author = {J N Davis and F M Asigbee and A K Markowitz and M J Landry and S Vandyousefi and E Khazaee and R Ghaddar and M I Goran},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Clin Obes},
volume = {8},
number = {4},
pages = {236--243},
abstract = {Research examining the impact of artificial sweetened beverages (ASBs) on obesity and metabolic diseases in adolescents is limited. The overall goal is to examine the longitudinal effects of ASBs on changes in adiposity and metabolic parameters in Hispanic adolescents. Longitudinal cohort with 98 Hispanics (12-18 years) who were overweight or had obesity with the following data at baseline and 1-year later: anthropometrics, diet (24-h recalls), body composition (DXA), glucose and insulin dynamics (oral glucose tolerance and frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test) and fasting lipids. Repeated measures analyses of covariance assessed changes over time between control (no ASBs at either visit), ASB initiators (no ASBs at baseline/ASBs at 1-year) and chronic ASB consumers (ASBs at both visits). ASB initiators (n = 14) and chronic ASB consumers (n = 9) compared to control (n = 75) had higher total body fat at baseline and 1-year (P = 0.05 for group effect). Chronic ASB consumers had a 6% increase in haemoglobin A1c, 34% increase in energy intake (kcal d-1 ) and 39% increase in carbohydrate intake (g d-1 ) over time, while control and ASB initiators maintained (P < 0.05 for group-by-time interactions). These results do not support promoting ASBs as a strategy for adiposity loss or to improve metabolic health.},
keywords = {sweeteners},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid28212335,
title = {Fructose in Breast Milk Is Positively Associated with Infant Body Composition at 6 Months of Age},
author = {M I Goran and A A Martin and T L Alderete and H Fujiwara and D A Fields},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-02-01},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
abstract = {Dietary sugars have been shown to promote excess adiposity among children and adults; however, no study has examined fructose in human milk and its effects on body composition during infancy. Twenty-five mother-infant dyads attended clinical visits to the Oklahoma Health Sciences Center at 1 and 6 months of infant age. Infants were exclusively breastfed for 6 months and sugars in breast milk (i.e., fructose, glucose, lactose) were measured by Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and glucose oxidase. Infant body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 1 and 6 months. Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations between breast milk sugars and infant body composition at 6 months of age. Fructose, glucose, and lactose were present in breast milk and stable across visits (means = 6.7 μg/mL, 255.2 μg/mL, and 7.6 g/dL, respectively). Despite its very low concentration, fructose was the only sugar significantly associated with infant body composition. A 1-μg/mL higher breast milk fructose was associated with a 257 g higher body weight (p = 0.02), 170 g higher lean mass (p = 0.01), 131 g higher fat mass (p = 0.05), and 5 g higher bone mineral content (p = 0.03). In conclusion, fructose is detectable in human breast milk and is positively associated with all components of body composition at 6 months of age.},
keywords = {breastfeeding, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid27903830,
title = {Early-Life Sugar Consumption Affects the Rat Microbiome Independently of Obesity},
author = {E E Noble and T M Hsu and R B Jones and A A Fodor and M I Goran and S E Kanoski},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {J. Nutr.},
volume = {147},
number = {1},
pages = {20--28},
abstract = {The gut microbiome has been implicated in various metabolic and neurocognitive disorders and is heavily influenced by dietary factors, but there is a paucity of research on the effects of added sugars on the gut microbiome. With the use of a rodent model, our goal was to determine how added-sugar consumption during the juvenile and adolescent phase of development affects the gut microbiome. Forty-two juvenile male Sprague-Dawley rats [postnatal day (PND) 26; 50-70 g] were given access to 1 of 3 different 11%-carbohydrate solutions designed to model a range of monosaccharide ratios commonly consumed in sugar-sweetened beverages: 1) 35% fructose:65% glucose, 2) 50% fructose:50% glucose, 3) 65% fructose:35% glucose, and 4) control (no sugar). After ad libitum access to the respective solutions for the juvenile and adolescent period (PND 26-80), fecal samples were collected for next-generation 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and multivariate microbial composition analyses. Energy intake, weight change, and adiposity index were analyzed in relation to sugar consumption and the microbiota. Body weight, adiposity index, and total caloric intake did not differ as a result of sugar consumption. However, sugar consumption altered the gut microbiome independently of anthropometric measures and caloric intake. At the genus level, Prevotella [linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score = -4.62; P < 0.001] and Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis (LDA score = -3.01; P = 0.03) were reduced, whereas Bacteroides (LDA score = 4.19; P < 0.001), Alistipes (LDA score = 3.88; P < 0.001), Lactobacillus (LDA score = 3.78; P < 0.001), Clostridium sensu stricto (LDA score = 3.77; P < 0.001), Bifidobacteriaceae (LDA score = 3.59; P = 0.001), and Parasutterella (LDA score = 3.79; P = 0.004) were elevated by sugar consumption. No overall pattern could be attributable to monosaccharide ratio. Early-life sugar consumption affects the gut microbiome in rats independently of caloric intake, body weight, or adiposity index; these effects are robust across a range of fructose-to-glucose ratios.},
keywords = {microbiome, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid27911984,
title = {Home visitation programs: an untapped opportunity for the delivery of early childhood obesity prevention},
author = {S J Salvy and K de la Haye and T Galama and M I Goran},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Obes Rev},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {149--163},
abstract = {Extant obesity efforts have had limited impact among low-income underserved children, in part because of limitations inherent to existing programs: (i) short duration and low intensity; (ii) late timing of implementation, when children are already overweight or obese; (iii) intervention delivery limiting their accessibility and sustainability; and (iv) failure to address barriers such as a lack of culturally competent services, poverty and housing instability, which interfere with healthy lifestyle changes. This concept paper proposes an innovative model of obesity prevention implemented in infancy and sustained throughout early childhood to address the limitations of current obesity prevention efforts. Specifically, we propose to integrate sustained, weekly, in-home obesity prevention as part of the services already delivered by ongoing Home Visitation Programs, which currently do not target obesity prevention. The home visiting structure represents an ideal model for impactful obesity prevention as home visitation programs: (i) already provide comprehensive services to diverse low-income infants and families who are most at risk for obesity and poor health because of socio-economic and structural conditions; (ii) services are initiated in infancy and sustained throughout critical developmental periods for the formation of healthy/unhealthy behaviors; and (iii) have been in place for more than 40 years, with a widespread presence across the United States and nationwide, which is critical for the scalability and sustainability of obesity prevention.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid28137791,
title = {Longitudinal Associations Between Ambient Air Pollution With Insulin Sensitivity, β-Cell Function, and Adiposity in Los Angeles Latino Children},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Diabetes},
volume = {66},
number = {7},
pages = {1789--1796},
abstract = {Evidence suggests that ambient air pollution (AAP) exposure may contribute to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to determine whether exposure to elevated concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 (PM2.5) had adverse effects on longitudinal measures of insulin sensitivity (SI), β-cell function, and obesity in children at high risk for developing diabetes. Overweight and obese Latino children (8-15 years; n = 314) were enrolled between 2001 and 2012 from Los Angeles, CA, and followed for an average of 3.4 years (SD 3.1 years). Linear mixed-effects models were fitted to assess relationships between AAP exposure and outcomes after adjusting for covariates including body fat percent. Higher NO2 and PM2.5 were associated with a faster decline in SI and a lower SI at age 18 years, independent of adiposity. NO2 exposure negatively affected β-cell function, evidenced by a faster decline in disposition index (DI) and a lower DI at age 18 years. Higher NO2 and PM2.5 exposures over follow-up were also associated with a higher BMI at age 18 years. AAP exposure may contribute to development of type 2 diabetes through direct effects on SI and β-cell function.},
keywords = {environmental pollution},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid28757270,
title = {Sugar, Sugar . . . Not So Sweet for the Liver},
author = {M B Vos and M I Goran},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Gastroenterology},
volume = {153},
number = {3},
pages = {642--645},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid25728000,
title = {Dietary fibre linked to decreased inflammation in overweight minority youth},
author = {S J Miller and A K Batra and G E Shearrer and B T House and L T Cook and S J Pont and M I Goran and J N Davis},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-02-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {33--39},
abstract = {The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between diet and inflammation, and adiposity in minority youth. The study was designed as a cross-sectional analysis of 142 overweight (≥85th body mass index percentile) Hispanic and African-American adolescents (14-18 years) with the following measures: anthropometrics, adiposity via magnetic resonance imaging, dietary intake via 24-h dietary recalls, and inflammation markers from fasting blood draws utilizing a multiplex panel. Partial correlations were estimated and analysis of covariance (ancova) models fit to examine the relationship among dietary variables, inflammation markers and adiposity measures with the following a priori covariates: Tanner stage, ethnicity, sex, total energy intake, total body fat and total lean mass. Inference based on ancova models showed that the highest tertile of fibre intake (mean intake of 21.3 ± 6.1 g d(-1) ) vs. the lowest tertile of fibre intake (mean intake of 7.4 ± 1.8 g d(-1) ) was associated with 36% lower plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (P = 0.02) and 43% lower resistin (P = 0.02), independent of covariates. Similar results were seen for insoluble fibre. No other dietary variables included in this study were associated with inflammation markers. These results suggest that increases in dietary fibre could play an important role in lowering inflammation and therefore metabolic disease risk in high-risk minority youth.},
keywords = {fiber},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid26606887,
title = {The impact of sugar sweetened beverage intake on hunger and satiety in minority adolescents},
author = {G E Shearrer and G A O'Reilly and B R Belcher and M J Daniels and M I Goran and D Spruijt-Metz and J N Davis},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-02-01},
volume = {97},
pages = {43--48},
abstract = {Limited research has examined the effects of habitual SSB consumption on hunger/fullness ratings and gut hormones. This study hypothesized that high versus low intakes of habitual SSBs would result in greater hunger, decreased fullness, and a blunted gut hormone response, however the high versus low fiber group would exhibit decreased hunger and increased fullness. This was a randomized crossover feeding trial with 47 African American and Hispanic adolescents. The experiment included three 24-hour recalls to assess habitual dietary intake. During the test meal phase, subjects were served breakfast and lunch. During the ad libitum meal phase, subjects were fed an ad libitum dinner. During the test meal phase, blood was drawn every 30 minutes for 3 hours. During the ad libitum meal phase, hunger and fullness visual analogue scales were completed. For this analysis, subjects were grouped into the following habitual SSB categories: low SSB (≤1 SSB serv/day), medium SSB (>1 - <2 serv/day), and high SSB (≥2 serv/day). Fiber categories were created based on quartiles of intake. Mixed modeling was used to explore how SSB and fiber categories predicted ghrelin/PYY values and hunger/fullness ratings across time within and between test meals. The following a priori covariates included: sex, ethnicity, age, and obesity status. The low SSB group had higher fullness ratings over the ad libitum meal compared to the high SSB group (β =-0.49},
keywords = {sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid27133873,
title = {Lower omental t-regulatory cell count is associated with higher fasting glucose and lower beta-cell function in adults with obesity},
author = {L E Gyllenhammer and J Lam and T L Alderete and H Allayee and O Akbari and N Katkhouda and M I Goran},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Obesity},
volume = {24},
number = {6},
pages = {1274--1282},
abstract = {T-lymphocytes are potential initiators and regulators of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, but there is limited human data on omental AT. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between T cells, particularly Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, in human subcutaneous (subQ) and omental AT and type 2 diabetes risk. SubQ and deep subQ (DsubQ) abdominal and omental AT biopsies were collected from 44 patients (body mass index, BMI ≥25) undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Flow cytometry was used to quantify CD4+ T cell (T effector and Treg) and macrophages (M1 and M2), and systemic inflammation was measured in fasting blood. Tregs were significantly lower in omental versus subQ and DsubQ AT, and M1 cell counts were significantly higher in the omental and DsubQ depot relative to the subQ. Only omental AT Tregs were negatively associated with fasting glucose and MCP-1 and positively associated with homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-β. M1 and M2 cell counts across multiple depots had significant relationships with HOMA-insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor-α, insulin, and HOMA-β. All relationships were consistent across ethnicities. Tregs were significantly lower in omental versus both subQ adipose depots. Fewer omental Tregs may have metabolic implications based on depot-specific relationships with higher fasting glucose and lower β-cell function.},
keywords = {diabetes risk},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid26443340,
title = {Saturation of subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and accumulation of ectopic fat associated with metabolic dysfunction during late and post-pubertal growth},
author = {L E Gyllenhammer and T L Alderete and C M Toledo-Corral and M Weigensberg and M I Goran},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-00-01},
journal = {Int J Obes (Lond)},
volume = {40},
number = {4},
pages = {601--606},
abstract = {Puberty is a period defined by large changes in adipose tissue accumulation and distribution; however, longitudinal patterns of ectopic fat development have not been shown. We have previously shown significant declines in beta-cell function (BCF) across puberty and hypothesize that accumulation of ectopic fat deposition, particularly hepatic fat, will predict this fall. We conducted a longitudinal study and examined 2-year change in abdominal fat distribution and type 2 diabetes risk markers in 76 Hispanic children and young adults (16.1±0.5 years, 66% obese, 52% male, 51% post-pubertal). Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), hepatic fat fraction (HFF) and pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) were measured by 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging, and markers of type 2 diabetes risk were collected at fasting and during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Baseline pubertal status significantly moderated the 2-year change in ectopic fat deposition, such that VAT, HFF and PFF increased in individuals during late and post-pubertal growth, whereas children earlier in their pubertal development decreased ectopic accumulation and had less VAT accumulation (VAT: pTanner*time=0.044, 0.31±0.08 l vs 0.03±0.10 l; HFF: pTanner*time=0.007, 1.34±0.87% vs -2.61±1.11%; PFF: pTanner*time<0.001, 1.61±0.39% vs -0.96±0.50%). Independent of pubertal status, the 2-year increase in HFF and VAT significantly associated with a decline in BCF (ß=-1.04},
keywords = {diabetes risk, liver fat},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid25385555,
title = {Comparing glycemic indicators of prediabetes: a prospective study of obese Latino Youth},
author = {J Y Kim and M I Goran and C M Toledo-Corral and M J Weigensberg and G Q Shaibi},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-12-01},
journal = {Pediatr Diabetes},
volume = {16},
number = {8},
pages = {640--643},
abstract = {One hour (1-hr) glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is an emerging biomarker for type 2 diabetes. We compared the predictive power of 1-hr glucose to traditional glycemic markers for prospectively identifying prediabetes in youth. Obese normoglycemic Latino youth (N = 116) were assessed at baseline for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting, 1-hr, and 2-hr glucose during an OGTT and were followed for up to 8 yr for the development of prediabetes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used and a multivariable prediction model was developed. The area under the 1-hr glucose ROC curve was the most powerful predictor of prediabetes over time [0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64-0.83]. However, combining all indicators into a single model was superior to individual marker models (0.77, 95% CI = 0.690.86). These results further support the utility of 1-hr glucose during an OGTT as a prospective marker of diabetes risk in youth.},
keywords = {diabetes risk},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid26511224,
title = {Associations between human milk oligosaccharides and infant body composition in the first 6 mo of life},
author = {T L Alderete and A Chloe and B E Brekke and R Knight and L Bode and MI Goran and D A Fields},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-12-01},
journal = {Am J Clin Nutr . },
volume = {102},
number = {6},
pages = {1381--1388},
abstract = {Evidence linking breastfeeding to reduced risk of developing childhood obesity is inconclusive, yet previous studies have not considered variation in specific components of breast milk that may affect early development. We examined whether differences in the composition of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) correlate with infant growth and body composition at 1 and 6 mo of age. Twenty-five mother-infant dyads were recruited from the University Hospital at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Infants were breastfed for 6 mo. Breast-milk and infant measures were obtained at 1 and 6 mo of infant age. HMO composition was analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and infant growth (length and weight) and body composition (percentage fat, total fat, lean mass) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Relations between HMOs and infant growth and body composition were examined by using multiple linear regression. A priori covariates included maternal prepregnancy body mass index, pregnancy weight gain, and infant age and sex. Higher HMO diversity and evenness at 1 mo were associated with lower total and percentage fat mass at 1 mo. At 1 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP) I was associated with a 0.40-kg lower infant weight (P = 0.03). At 6 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in LNFPI was associated with a 1.11-kg lower weight (P = 0.03) and a 0.85-g lower lean mass (P = 0.01). At 6 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in LNFPI was associated with a 0.79-g lower fat mass (P = 0.02), whereas disialyl-lacto-N-tetraose and LNFPII were associated with a 1.92-g (P = 0.02) and 0.42-g (P = 0.02) greater fat mass, respectively. At 6 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in fucosyl-disialyl-lacto-N-hexaose and lacto-N-neotetraose was associated with 0.04% higher (P = 0.03) and 0.03% lower (P < 0.01) body fat, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that differences in HMO composition in mother's milk are associated with infant growth and body composition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02535637.},
keywords = {breastfeeding, HMO, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid26256555,
title = {Effects of high-sugar and high-fiber meals on physical activity behaviors in Latino and African American adolescents},
author = {Gillian A O'Reilly and Britni R Belcher and Jaimie N Davis and Lauren T Martinez and Jimi Huh and Luz Antunez-Castillo and Marc Weigensberg and Michael I Goran and Donna Spruijt-Metz},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-09-01},
journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},
volume = {23},
number = {9},
pages = {1886--1894},
abstract = {This crossover experimental study examined the acute effects of high-sugar/low-fiber (HSLF) vs. low-sugar/high-fiber (LSHF) meals on sedentary behavior (SB) and light-plus activity (L+) in minority adolescents with overweight and obesity. 87 Latino and African American adolescents (mean age = 16.3 ± 1.2 years, mean BMI z-score = 2.02 ± 0.52, 56.8% Latino, 51.1% male) underwent two experimental meal conditions during which they consumed HSLF or LSHF meals. Physical activity and SB were measured using accelerometers, and blood glucose and insulin were collected every 30 minutes over 5 hours. Mixed models were used to examine the temporal trends of SB and L+, whether the temporal trends of SB and L+ differed by meal condition, and the influence of blood glucose and insulin on the activity behaviors. SB and L+ fluctuated over time during the HSLF condition but were stable during the LSHF condition. SB and L+ were influenced by the blood glucose response to the HSLF meals. Insulin did not influence SB or L+ in either meal condition. Sugar and fiber content of meals can have differing acute impacts on activity behaviors in minority adolescents with overweight and obesity, possibly due to differing metabolic responses.},
keywords = {brain, fibre, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid26046253,
title = {Temporal relationships between adipocytokines and diabetes risk in Hispanic adolescents with obesity},
author = {B D Kayser and C M Toledo-Corral and T L Alderete and M J Weigensberg and M I Goran},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-07-01},
journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},
volume = {23},
number = {7},
pages = {1479--1485},
abstract = {Circulating cytokines are frequently cited as contributors to insulin resistance in children with obesity. This study examined whether circulating adipocytokines, independent of adiposity, predicted pubertal changes in insulin sensitivity (SI), insulin secretion (AIR), and β-cell function in high-risk adolescents. 158 Hispanic adolescents with overweight or obesity were followed for a median of 4 years. Adipocytokines were measured using Luminex technology. SI, AIR, and the disposition index were derived from an intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal modeling. Total fat mass was measured by DXA and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by MRI. Surprisingly, mean IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α decreased between 5% and 6.5% per year from baseline (P < 0.001). Despite the general temporal trends, gaining 1-SD of VAT was associated with a 2% and 5% increase in MCP-1 and IL-8 (P < 0.05). In addition, a 1-SD higher MCP-1 or IL-6 concentration at baseline was associated with a 16% and 21% greater decline in SI during puberty vs. prepuberty (P < 0.05). Several adipocytokines decreased during adolescence and were weakly associated with VAT and lower SI during puberty. Circulating adipocytokines have relatively limited associations with pubertal changes in diabetes risk; however, the consistent findings with MCP-1 warrant further investigation.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid26193309,
title = {Laboratory Đetermined Sugar Content and Composition of Commercial Infant Formulas, Baby Foods and Common Grocery Items Ŧargeted to Children},
author = {R W Walker and M I Goran},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-07-01},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {7},
number = {7},
pages = {5850--5867},
abstract = {Excess added sugar consumption is tied to poor health outcomes in children. The sugar content of beverages and foods children are exposed to is mostly unknown, yet this information is imperative for understanding potential risks from overconsumption of sugars in early life. We determined actual sugar content by conducting a blinded laboratory analysis in infant formulas, breakfast cereals, packaged baked goods and yogurts. One hundred samples were sent to an independent laboratory for analysis via gas chromatography. Sugar content and composition was determined and total sugar was compared against nutrition labels. Of the 100 samples analyzed, 74% contained ≥20% of total calories per serving from added sugars. Nutrient label data underestimated or overestimated actual sugars and ~25% of all samples had actual total sugar values that were either <10% or >10% of labeled total sugar. Many products that are frequently marketed to and consumed by infants and young children contain sugars in amounts that differ from nutrition labels and often in excess of recommended daily levels. These findings provide further support for adding more comprehensive sugar labeling to food and beverage products, specifically those marketed to, or commonly consumed by, children.},
keywords = {sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid25463048,
title = {Forefronts in portion size. An overview and synthesis of a roundtable discussion},
author = {J O Fisher and M I Goran and S Rowe and M M Hetherington},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-05-01},
journal = {Appetite},
volume = {88},
pages = {1--4},
abstract = {Establishing eating habits in early life that include appropriate portion sizes of foods which are nutrient dense and low in energy density is considered important in the prevention of obesity in children. This special supplement presents the proceedings of a symposium focusing on advances in scientific understanding of the development of healthy food portion sizes in children and their families. Recent basic research highlights individual differences in children's responsiveness to portion size as well as potential mechanisms of portion size effects. Quantitative approaches highlight the influence of maternal serving in determining intake, while qualitative approaches seek to elaborate caregiver decisions around child portion sizes at meals and snacks. Family-based environmental interventions for child weight control involving food portion size are outlined. An overview of the overarching issues and roundtable discussion on the forefronts of portion size research are presented as well as policy considerations to promote healthy portion control.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid25644856,
title = {Salsalate treatment improves glycemia without altering adipose tissue in nondiabetic obese hispanics},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-03-01},
journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},
volume = {23},
number = {3},
pages = {543--551},
abstract = {Salsalate treatment has well-known effects on improving glycemia, and the objective of this study was to examine whether the mechanism of this effect was related to changes in adipose tissue. A randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled trial in obese Hispanics (18-35 years) was conducted. The intervention consisted of 4 g day(-1) of salsalate (n = 11) versus placebo (n = 13) for 4 weeks. Outcome measures included glycemia, adiposity, ectopic fat, and adipose tissue gene expression and inflammation. In those receiving salsalate, plasma fasting glucose decreased by 3.4% (P < 0.01), free fatty acids decreased by 42.5% (P = 0.06), and adiponectin increased by 27.7% (P < 0.01). Salsalate increased insulin AUC by 38% (P = 0.01) and HOMA-B by 47.2% (P < 0.01) while estimates of insulin sensitivity/resistance were unaffected. These metabolic improvements occurred without changes in total, abdominal, visceral, or liver fat. Plasma markers of inflammation/immune activation were unchanged following salsalate. Salsalate had no effects on adipose tissue including adipocyte size, presence of crown-like structures, or gene expression of adipokines, immune cell markers, or cytokines downstream of NF-κB with the exception of downregulation of IL-1β (P < 0.01). Findings suggest that metabolic improvements in response to salsalate occurred without alterations in adiposity, ectopic fat, or adipose tissue gene expression and inflammation.},
keywords = {diabetes risk},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid24357646,
title = {Insulin sensitivity and brain reward activation in overweight Hispanic girls: a pilot study},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-02-01},
journal = {Pediatr Obes},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {30--36},
abstract = {Insulin resistance is a link between obesity and the associated disease risk. In addition to its role as an energy regulatory signal to the hypothalamus, insulin also modulates food reward. To examine the relationship of insulin sensitivity (SI) and fasting insulin with cerebral activation in response to food and non-food cues in children. Twelve overweight Hispanic girls (age: 8-11) participated in two study visits, a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and a functional neuroimaging session (GE HDxt 3.0Tesla) with visual stimulation tasks. Blocks of images (high calorie [HC], low calorie [LC] and non-food [NF]) were presented in randomized order. Comparing HC with NF, SI was inversely associated with activation in the anterior cingulate (r(2) = 0.65; P < 0.05), the insula (r(2) = 0.69; P < 0.05), the orbitofrontal cortex (r(2) = 0.74; P < 0.05), and the frontal and rolandic operculum (r(2) = 0.76; P < 0.001). Associations remained significant after adjustment for body mass index. Association of fasting insulin and cerebral activation disappeared after adjustment for waist circumference. In addition to weight loss, insulin sensitivity may pose an important target to regulate neural responses to food cues in the prevention of excessive weight gain.},
keywords = {brain, diabetes risk},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid25242636,
title = {Effects of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup consumption on spatial memory function and hippocampal neuroinflammation in adolescent rats},
author = {T M Hsu and V R Konanur and L Taing and R Usui and B D Kayser and M I Goran and S E Kanoski},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-02-01},
journal = {Hippocampus},
volume = {25},
number = {2},
pages = {227--239},
abstract = {Excessive consumption of added sugars negatively impacts metabolic systems; however, effects on cognitive function are poorly understood. Also unknown is whether negative outcomes associated with consumption of different sugars are exacerbated during critical periods of development (e.g., adolescence). Here we examined the effects of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup-55 (HFCS-55) intake during adolescence or adulthood on cognitive and metabolic outcomes. Adolescent or adult male rats were given 30-day access to chow, water, and either (1) 11% sucrose solution, (2) 11% HFCS-55 solution, or (3) an extra bottle of water (control). In adolescent rats, HFCS-55 intake impaired hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in a Barne's maze, with moderate learning impairment also observed for the sucrose group. The learning and memory impairment is unlikely based on nonspecific behavioral effects as adolescent HFCS-55 consumption did not impact anxiety in the zero maze or performance in a non-spatial response learning task using the same mildly aversive stimuli as the Barne's maze. Protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6, interleukin 1β) was increased in the dorsal hippocampus for the adolescent HFCS-55 group relative to controls with no significant effect in the sucrose group, whereas liver interleukin 1β and plasma insulin levels were elevated for both adolescent-exposed sugar groups. In contrast, intake of HFCS-55 or sucrose in adults did not impact spatial learning, glucose tolerance, anxiety, or neuroinflammatory markers. These data show that consumption of added sugars, particularly HFCS-55, negatively impacts hippocampal function, metabolic outcomes, and neuroinflammation when consumed in excess during the adolescent period of development.},
keywords = {brain, sugar},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid24840081,
title = {Increased eating frequency linked to decreased obesity and improved metabolic outcomes},
author = {B T House and G E Shearrer and S J Miller and K E Pasch and M I Goran and J N Davis},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Int J Obes (Lond)},
volume = {39},
number = {1},
pages = {136--141},
abstract = {We previously reported that more frequent eating in overweight minority youth was linked to lower visceral adiposity and circulating triglycerides. The aim of this study was to examine this issue in more detail by assessing the relationship between eating frequency and adiposity and metabolic disease risk in a cohort of exclusively overweight Hispanic youth. This analysis included 191 overweight (⩾ 85th percentile body mass index (BMI)) Hispanic youth (8-18 years) with the following cross-sectional measures: height, weight, BMI, dietary intake via multiple 24 h recalls, body composition via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, lipids and insulin action (insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response (AIR) and disposition index, a measure of β-cell function) via a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Each eating occasion (EO) was defined as ⩾ 50 calories and ⩾ 15 min from any prior EO. Infrequent eaters (IEs) were classified as any subject who ate <3 EOs on any dietary recall (n = 32), whereas frequent eaters (FEs) always consumed ⩾ 3 EOs (n = 159). Using analyses of covariance, FEs compared with IEs consumed 23% more calories per day (P ⩽ 0.01), ate 40% more often and consumed 19% less calories per EO (P ⩽ 0.01). FEs also exhibited 9% lower BMI Z-scores (P ⩽ 0.01), 9% lower waist circumferences (P ⩽ 0.01), 29% lower fasting insulin (P = 0.02), 31% lower HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment: Insulin Resistance) values (P = 0.02) and 19% lower triglycerides (P ⩽ 0.01), as well as an 11% higher AIR (P = 0.02) and 31% higher disposition index (P=0.01). The following a priori covariates were included: Tanner, sex, body fat and reported energy intake. These findings suggest that increased eating frequency is related to decreased obesity and metabolic disease risk in overweight Hispanic youth, despite increases in energy intake.},
keywords = {diabetes risk, diet},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid24849392,
title = {A novel biopsy method to increase yield of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Int J Obes (Lond)},
volume = {39},
number = {1},
pages = {183--186},
abstract = {Collection of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) for research testing is traditionally performed using punch biopsy or needle aspiration techniques, yielding small amounts of very superficial SAT (100-500 mg). Although liposuction techniques can be used to obtain large amounts of SAT, these approaches can compromise the integrity of the adipose tissue. Therefore, we investigated a novel method using a 6-mm Bergström side-cutting biopsy needle to acquire suitable amounts of intact abdominal SAT for multiple complex studies such as flow cytometry, RNA extraction, ex vivo expression of molecular and post-translational protein mediators, and histology. Fifty biopsies were obtained from 29 participants using a Bergström biopsy needle, applying transient manual suction and shearing large pieces of fat within the inner-cutting trochar. Eighteen of the biopsies were performed under ultrasound guidance, whereby we successfully sampled deep SAT (dSAT) from below Scarpa's fascia. The average weight of SAT sampled was 1.5 ± 0.4 g. There was no clinically important bleeding or ecchymosis on the abdominal wall and no infection occurred with this procedure. The 6-mm Bergström biopsy needle yielded substantially more SAT than what has been obtained from superficial procedures and, for the first time, allowed sampling of dSAT by a percutaneous approach.},
keywords = {methods},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid25835281,
title = {Perinatal overnutrition exacerbates adipose tissue inflammation caused by high-fat feeding in C57BL/6J mice},
author = {B D Kayser and M I Goran and S G Bouret},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {e0121954},
abstract = {Obesity causes white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation and insulin resistance in some, but not all individuals. Here, we used a mouse model of early postnatal overfeeding to determine the role of neonatal nutrition in lifelong WAT inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. C57BL/6J mice were reared in small litters of 3 (SL) or normal litters of 7 pups (NL) and fed either regular chow or a 60% high fat diet (HFD) from 5 to 17 weeks. At weaning, SL mice did not develop WAT inflammation despite increased fat mass, although there was an up-regulation of WAT Arg1 and Tlr4 expression. On HFD, adult SL mice had greater inguinal fat mass compared to NL mice, however both groups showed similar increases in visceral fat depots and adipocyte hypertrophy. Despite the similar levels of visceral adiposity, SL-HFD mice displayed greater impairments in glucose homeostasis and more pronounced hepatic steatosis compared to NL-HFD mice. In addition, WAT from SL mice fed a HFD displayed greater crown-like structure formation, increased M1 macrophages, and higher cytokine gene expression. Together, these data suggest that early postnatal overnutrition may be a critical determinant of fatty liver and insulin resistance in obese adults by programming the inflammatory capacity of adipose tissue.},
keywords = {maternal obesity},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid26339570,
title = {Built Environment Associations with Adiposity Parameters among Overweight and Obese Hispanic Youth},
author = {S Hsieh and A C Klassen and F C Curriero and L E Caulfield and L J Cheskin and J N Davis and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg and D Spruijt-Metz},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Prev Med Rep},
volume = {2},
pages = {406--412},
abstract = {The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to establish neighborhood built environment correlates of adiposity as measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The utility and methodological gains of using this measure for built environment research was further investigated by comparing model fit across parallel models on BMI z-scores and waist circumference. Pre-existing data collected from 2001-2001 on 576 overweight and obese Hispanic youth were compiled with built environment data, and 2000 Census data for analyses conducted in 2012. Walking-distance buffers were built around participants' residential locations. Variables for park space, food access, walkability, and neighborhood socio-cultural aspects were entered into a multivariate regression model predicting percent body fat. Parallel models were built for BMI z-score, and waist circumference. Significant associations were found between percent body fat and supermarket access for boys, and percent body fat and increased park space and decreased neighborhood linguistic isolation for girls. Neighborhood socio-cultural characteristics accounted for more variance in obesity compared to BMI z-score or waist circumference. Park access, food environment, and neighborhood socio-cultural characteristics are independent contributors to body fat in children, and the contribution of these risks differs by gender. There are incremental gains to using a more accurate measure of body fat in built environment obesity studies.},
keywords = {built environment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid26633899,
title = {The Association of Ħuman Apolipoprotein C-III Sialylation Proteoforms with Plasma Ŧriglycerides},
author = {H N Yassine and O Trenchevska and A Ramrakhiani and A Parekh and J Koska and R W Walker and D Billheimer and P D Reaven and F T Yen and R W Nelson and M I Goran and D Nedelkov},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {10},
number = {12},
pages = {e0144138},
abstract = {Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) regulates triglyceride (TG) metabolism. In plasma, apoC-III exists in non-sialylated (apoC-III0a without glycosylation and apoC-III0b with glycosylation), monosialylated (apoC-III1) or disialylated (apoC-III2) proteoforms. Our aim was to clarify the relationship between apoC-III sialylation proteoforms with fasting plasma TG concentrations. In 204 non-diabetic adolescent participants, the relative abundance of apoC-III plasma proteoforms was measured using mass spectrometric immunoassay. Compared with the healthy weight subgroup (n = 16), the ratios of apoC-III0a, apoC-III0b, and apoC-III1 to apoC-III2 were significantly greater in overweight (n = 33) and obese participants (n = 155). These ratios were positively correlated with BMI z-scores and negatively correlated with measures of insulin sensitivity (Si). The relationship of apoC-III1 / apoC-III2 with Si persisted after adjusting for BMI (p = 0.02). Fasting TG was correlated with the ratio of apoC-III0a / apoC-III2 (r = 0.47, p<0.001), apoC-III0b / apoC-III2 (r = 0.41, p<0.001), apoC-III1 / apoC-III2 (r = 0.43, p<0.001). By examining apoC-III concentrations, the association of apoC-III proteoforms with TG was driven by apoC-III0a (r = 0.57, p<0.001), apoC-III0b (r = 0.56. p<0.001) and apoC-III1 (r = 0.67, p<0.001), but not apoC-III2 (r = 0.006},
keywords = {diabetes risk},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid25109287,
title = {Fasting, post-OGŦŦ challenge, and nocturnal free fatty acids in prediabetic versus normal glucose tolerant overweight and obese Latino adolescents},
author = {C M Toledo-Corral and T L Alderete and J Richey and P Sequeira and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-00-01},
journal = {Acta Diabetol},
volume = {52},
number = {2},
pages = {277--284},
abstract = {Type 2 diabetes risk and its relationship to free fatty acid (FFA) exposure and visceral fat by prediabetes status in minority adolescents have yet to be explored. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the association of circulating FFA under varying conditions with prediabetes in Latino adolescents and to determine the relative relationships of FFA and visceral adiposity to insulin sensitivity, secretion, and β-cell function. Overweight or obese, but otherwise healthy Latino adolescent males and females (n = 164, 14.2 ± 2.5 years), were recruited for assessment of prediabetes, abdominal fat, and FFA levels taken at a fasting state (FFAF), during an OGTT (FFAOGTT), and overnight (FFANOCTURNAL). Prediabetic adolescents had a higher FFAF than those with normal glucose tolerance when controlling for age, sex, pubertal status, total percent body fat, and visceral fat. FFAOGTT and FFANOCTURNAL did not differ between participants with prediabetes and those with normal glucose tolerance after adjusting for covariates. Visceral fat was independently related to insulin sensitivity and secretion in pubertal adolescents; however, in post-pubertal adolescents, FFAF and visceral fat were both independent and negatively related to β-cell function. These results support a plausible progression of the lipotoxicity theory of diabetes development during the pubertal transition.},
keywords = {diabetes risk},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid24685236,
title = {Vegetable consumption is linked to decreased visceral and liver fat and improved insulin resistance in overweight Latino youth},
author = {L T Cook and G A O'Reilly and M I Goran and M J Weigensberg and D Spruijt-Metz and J N Davis},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-11-01},
journal = {J Acad Nutr Diet},
volume = {114},
number = {11},
pages = {1776--1783},
abstract = {There are limited data on the influence of vegetable consumption on adiposity and metabolic health, specifically nonstarchy vegetables and vegetables that are dark green and deep orange/yellow (also known as nutrient-rich vegetables). Our study examines the relationship between vegetable intake and adiposity, liver fat, and insulin dynamics in overweight Latino youth. This cross-sectional study of 175 overweight (body mass index ≥85th percentile) Latino youth (aged 8 to 18 years), with data collected during 2006-2011, included the following: dietary intake via multiple 24-hour recalls, total body fat via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, adipose tissue distribution and liver fat via magnetic resonance imaging, and insulin dynamics via frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Linear regression and analysis of covariance were used for analysis, with the following a priori covariates: age, sex, energy intake, and total body fat. Participants who consumed the most nonstarchy vegetables (mean intake=1.7±1.0 servings/day) compared with the least (mean intake=0.1±0.1 servings/day) had 44% less liver fat (10.0%±8.5% vs 5.6%±8.7%; P=0.01). Nutrient-rich vegetable intake was positively correlated with insulin sensitivity (r=0.19; P=0.03). Consumers of nutrient-rich vegetables (mean intake=0.3±0.4 servings/day [n=107]), compared with nonconsumers (n=68), had 31% increased insulin sensitivity (1.6±1.6 vs 2.1±1.3×10(⁻⁴)/min/μU/mL; P=0.03) and 17% less visceral adipose tissue (2.3±0.9 vs 1.9±0.7 L; P=0.01). Consumption of specific vegetable types by overweight Latino youth is associated with positive metabolic outcomes, including reduced visceral and liver fat and risk factors for type 2 diabetes, even when consumed in small quantities. These may be relevant targets for interventions.},
keywords = {diabetes risk, diet},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid24616207,
title = {Macrophages and fibrosis in adipose tissue are linked to liver damage and metabolic risk in obese children},
author = {R W Walker and H Allayee and A Inserra and R Fruhwirth and A Alisi and R Devito and M E Carey and F Sinatra and M I Goran and V Nobili},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-06-01},
journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {1512--1519},
abstract = {Obesity in childhood is associated with an inflammatory state in adipose tissue and liver, which elevates risk for diabetes and liver disease. No prior study has examined associations between pathologies occurring in adipose tissue and liver to identify elements of tissue damage associated with type 2 diabetes risk. This study sought to determine whether inflammation and fibrosis in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in obese/overweight children (BMI-z 2.3 ± 0.76) was related to the extent of observed liver disease or type 2 diabetes risk. Biopsy samples of abdominal (SAT) and liver were simultaneously collected from 33 Italian children (mean BMI 28.1 ± 5.1 kg/m(2) and mean age 11.6 ± 2.2 years) with confirmed NAFLD. Histology and immunohistochemistry were conducted on biopsies to assess inflammation and fibrosis in adipose tissue and fibrosis and inflammation in liver. Presence vs. absence of crown-like structures (CLS) in SAT was significantly related to liver fibrosis scores (1.7 ± 0.7 vs. 1.2 ± 0.7},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid23613461,
title = {Meal skipping linked to increased visceral adipose tissue and triglycerides in overweight minority youth},
author = {B T House and L T Cook and L E Gyllenhammer and J M Schraw and M I Goran and D Spruijt-Metz and M J Weigensberg and J N Davis},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-05-01},
journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring)},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {77--84},
abstract = {To investigate the impact of eating frequency on dietary intake, physical activity (PA), metabolic, and adiposity measures in minority youth. This analysis included 185 overweight (≥85th BMI percentile) Hispanic and African-American youth (8-18 years) with the following cross-sectional measures: height, weight, BMI, dietary intake, body composition, metabolic parameters, PA, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Each eating occasion (EO) was defined as ≥50 calories and ≥15 minutes from any previous EO. Participants were dichotomized based on EOs per 24-h into meal skippers <3 EO (MS; n = 27) or normal/frequent eaters ≥3 EO (NFE; n = 158). ANCOVAs were used to assess dietary intakes, metabolic outcomes, adiposity, and PA between eating frequency groups. MS compared to NFE consumed 24% fewer calories per 24-h (P ≤ 0.01), 21% more calories per EO (P ≤ 0.01), ate 40% less often (P ≤ 0.01), had 18% higher triglycerides (P = 0.03), and 26% more VAT (P = 0.03), with no differences in PA. Although meal skipping was associated with decreased energy intake, it was linked to increased calories per EO and higher triglycerides and VAT, which are strong indicators of deleterious metabolic profiles. These findings elucidate that meal skipping may be associated with increased VAT and related metabolic diseases in high-risk minority youth.},
keywords = {diabetes risk, diet},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{pmid24398641,
title = {Relationship between artificially sweetened and sugar-sweetened cola beverage consumption during pregnancy and preterm delivery in a multi-ethnic cohort: analysis of the Born in Bradford cohort study},
author = {E S Petherick and M I Goran and J Wright},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-03-01},
journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr},
volume = {68},
number = {3},
pages = {404--407},
abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the intake of sugar-sweetened (SS) and artificially sweetened (AS) cola beverages during pregnancy and the risk of preterm delivery (PTD). At baseline (2007-2010), 8914 pregnant women were recruited to the Born in Bradford birth cohort study at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy. Women completed a questionnaire describing their health and lifestyle behaviours, including their consumption of AS and SS cola beverages reported as cups per day, which were then linked to maternity records. The relationship between SS and AS cola beverage consumption was examined using logistic regression analyses. No relationship was observed between daily AS cola beverage consumption and PTD. Women who drank four cups per day of SS cola beverages had higher odds of a PTD when compared with women who did not consume these beverages daily. We conclude that high daily consumption of SS cola beverages during pregnancy is associated with increases in the rate of PTD.},
keywords = {sweeteners},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}